Stress & Adaptation Flashcards
Fight or Flight
response from SANS that prepares the body to fight off the stressor or run away from it.
Coping Mechanism
conscious or unconscious behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety
Defense mechanism
What is its primary function? How can it become a problem?
Unconscious reactors to stress
- Function: protect person’s self estem (if used excessively, can distort reality/create problems
Psychological Homeostasis
well-being relies on meeting fundamental psychological needs, like feeling loved, a sense of belonging, safe and secure, have self-esteem.
Physiologic homeostasis
the body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
Compare stress, stressors, and adaptation. Provide an example (if applicable)
Stress:
- condition when the human system responds to change in its normal balanced state
-> Each person’s perception and responses to stress are structured by culture, family, genetic inheritance and life experiences
Stressors:
- anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening or demanding
-> Example: Physiologic & Psychosocial
Adaptation:
- the change that takes place as a result of a stressor; process of change (a threat to your safety, coping response occurs)
What are examples of physiologic stressors?
C PINGH
- Chemical agents
- physical agents
- infectious agents
- nutritional imbalances
- genetic or immune disorders
- hypoxia
Psychosocial stressors
Include real or perceived threats
How does stress contribute to disease?
Stress disrupts normal body functions: - W BIID
- Weakens Immunity
- Behavioral changes
- Increases BP
- Increased Lipids
- Disrupts Hormones
______ __ of stress can lead to disease process
Prolonged periods
Select all that apply: What body systems are involved in physiologic homeostasis?
Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal
Renal System
Reproductive System
Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal
Renal System
Local Adaptation System (LAS)
What are 2 types of responses in Local Adapatation System (LAS)?
localized response of the body to stress (one specific body part)
- Reflex Pain Responses
- Inflammatory Reponse
What are the two reponses to Local Adaptation System (LAS)? Provide an example for each.
Reflex Pain Response:
- Rapid automatic response of the Central Nervous System to pain
- Ex: when you accidentally touch a hot pan and you pull your hand back instantly
Inflammatory Response:
- Serves to localize and prevent spread of infections; promote wound healing
- Ex: When you cut your finger, you develop inflammatory responses (pain, swelling, heat and redness).
General Adapation Syndrome (GAS)
What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndorme (GAS)?
Biochemical model of stress that describes the body’s general response to pain
3 Stages:
- Alarm reaction
- Stage of Resistance
- Stage of Exhaustion
What is the Alarm reaction of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What 2 phases make up the alarm reaction? What does each phase entail?
Alarm Reaction:
- stressors initiate mechanisms
2 Phases within Alarm Reaction:
- Shock Phase: Fight or flight response
-> ↑ Energy levels
-> ↑ O2 intake
-> ↑ Cardiac Output
-> ↑ BP
-> ↑ Mental Alertness - Countershock phase: reversal of body changes
What is the Stage of Resistance of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What happens if stress in minor? What happens if stress is severe/prolonged?
Stage of Resistance:
- body attempt to adapt to stressor (vital signs return to normal)
- If stress can be manages to small area, the body regains homeostasis
- If the stress is prolonged or strong enough to overwhelm the body; adaptive mechanisms become exhausted
What is the Stage of Exhaustion of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What happens to teh body in this stage?
Stage of exhaustion:
- Adaptive mechanisms can no longer provide defense
- Body could either rest and mobilize its defenses to return to normal or reach total exhaustion and die
Categorize the following into Effective and Inefficetive Coping Mechanisms:
- Ignoring the stressor
- Journaling
- Smoking
- Laughing
- Limiting relationships
- Using mindfulness/centering exercises
- Withdrawal
- Cursing
- Physical activity
- Taking a deep breath
- Sleeping
- Verbally debriefing with another person
- Drinking
- Engaging in an enjoyable activity as a distraction
- Exercise
- Lack of eye contact
Effective Coping Mechanisms:
- Laughing
- Sleeping
- Physical activity
- Exercise
- Taking a deep breath
- Using practices mindfulness/centering exercises
- Verbally debriefing with another person
- Journaling
- Engaging in an enjoyable activity as a distraction
Ineffective Coping Mechanisms:
- Cursing
- Smoking
- Drinking
- Lack of eye contact
- Ignoring the stressor
- Withdrawal
- Limiting relationships
T/F: Crying canonly be an ineffective coping mechanism
False: depending on the situation, crying can either be an effective and ineffective coping mechanism
What are examples of a healthy lifestyle that can impact health/homesotasis?
- Exercise
- Sleep
- Nutrition
How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?
Exercise
Exercise:
- helps maintain physical and emotional health
-> Improves sense of well being, relieves tension
-> enables coping with day-to-day stressors
How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?
Sleep
Sleep:
- Adequate sleep helps body maintain homeostasis and restore energy levels
-> 7-9 hours of sleep
How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?
Nutrition
Nutrition:
- Nutrition helps maintain body’s homeostatic mechanisms
- Eat nutrient-dense food
-> Limit sugars, saturated fat, and alcohol - Practice portion control
-> Obesity and Malnutrition are major stressors
What are examples of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis?
- Relaxation
- Mindfulness
- Anticipatory Guidance
How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis?
Relaxation
Relaxation:
- Promotes reaction opposite to that of fight or flight response
-> Decrease: RR, HR, metbolic rates, BP, energy use
How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis?
Mindfullness
Mindfulness:
- Intentional presence and focus on the moment, supported by curiosity, openness, and acceptance without judgment
How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis?
Anticpatory Guidance
Anticipatory Guidance:
- Psychologically perparing a person for an unfamiliar or painful event
-> Reduction an anxiety
-> More effective coping mechanisms
What are support systems? How do support systems impact homeostasis/health? Provide examples of support system.
Provide emotional support that helps a person identify and verbalize feelings associated with stress
- Family
- Friends
- Therapist
- Groups
Crisis Intervention
Short-term management technique focused on reducing reducing damage to an individual or group affect by a crisis, often a mental or medical health emergency
What are the 3 types of crisis?
- Maturational
- Situational
- Adventitious
What is a maturational crisis? Provide an example
- Occurs during development events that requires a role change
-> ex: going from grade school to high school
What is a situational crisis? Provide examples.
- LIfe disrupts psyhologica equilibrium
-> Loss of job
-> Loss of faily memebr
-> Loss of limb
What is an adventitious crisis? Provide examples.
- Accidental or unexpected events (include community not individual)
-> Multiple losses
-> Flood
-> Fire
What is the framework for individual crisis intervention?
SAFER-R Model
What does each letter of the SAFER-R model stand for?
- Stabilization: Introduce yourself & establish role
- Acknowledgement: Acknowledge the event and reaction of the individual
- Facilitation of understanding: Paraphrase and reflect back to the individual what they are experiencing
- Encourage effective coping: Tap into their existing coping tools and resources and identify external sources of support to facilitate coping
- Recovery: Assess and establish the person’s ability to function safely
- Referral: Make referrals as needed
What is the most common response to stress?
Anxiety
What are the four types of anxiety responses?
- Mild Anxiety
- Moderate Anxiety
- Severe Anxiety
- Panic
Describe the following anxiety repsonse:
Mild Anxiety
(Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)
Perceptual Field:
- Increased alertness and increases perceptual field
Cognitive/Learning:
Can be postive
- Facilitate problem solving
- Motivates learning
Emotional State:
- X
Physical Manifestations:
- Interfere with sleep
-> Restlessness - Increased questioning
MISC:
- Present in day-to-day living
Describe the following anxiety repsonse:
Moderate Anxiety
(Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)
Perceptual Field:
- Narrow focus
-> Focus on immediate concerns
-> Missess small details
Cognitive/Learning:
- X
Emotional State:
- Feeling of unease
-> “Butterflies”
Physical Manifestations:
- Quavering voice
- Tremors
MISC:
- X
Describe the following anxiety repsonse:
Severe Anxiety
(Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)
Perceptual Field:
- Very Narrow focus
-> Focus on special detail
Cognitive/Learning:
- Impaired learning disability
-> Easily distracted
Emotional State:
Maladaptive behavior
- Extreme fear of unreal danger
- Emotional distress
Physical Manifestations:
- Increased motor activity
- Fearful facial expression
MISC:
- Behavior aimed at seeking relief
- can signal anxiety disorder
Describe the following anxiety repsonse:
Panic
(Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)
Perceptual Field:
- Distorted, disorganized perception of events
Cognitive/Learning:
- Unable to learn
- Loss of rational thought
Emotional State:
- Dread and terror
- Impending doom
Physical Manifestations:
- Poor motor control
- Choking sensation
- Chest pain/pressure
MISC:
- Exaustion and potential death
Task Orientated Reactions
coping mechanisms often used at higher levels of anxiety (moderate, severe, panic)
What are the 3 types of task oriented reactions?
WAC
- Withdrawal Behavior
- Attack Behavior
- Compromise Behavior
Describe the following task oriented reactions:
Atack Behavior
(Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)
Primary Action/Goal:
- Attempt to overcome obstacles to satisfy need
Nature of Behavior:
- Contructive or Destructive
Describe the following task oriented reactions:
Withdrawal Behavior
(Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)
Primary Action/Goal:
- Physical withdrawal from threat/emotional reactions
Nature of Behavior:
- Involve admitting defeat
- Becoming apathetic
- Feeling guilty/isolated
Describe the following task oriented reactions:
Compromise Behavior
(Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)
Primary Action/Goal:
- Substitution of goals/negotiation to partially fullfill needs
Nature of Behavior:
- Generally Constructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Assertively stating one’s needs to resolve a conflict
- Attack Behavior
- Contructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Yelling at someone or becoming physically aggressive when demands are not met
- Attack Behavior
- Destructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Seeking temporary solitude to regain composure before addressing a stressful issue
- Withdrawal Behavior
- Contructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Completely avoiding a person or situation causing stress, even if it has negative consequences
- Withdrawal Behavior
- Destructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Negotiating a different deadline for a project when the original is unrealistic
- Compromise Behavior
- Constructive
What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive?
Accepting a less desirable outcome or a different approach to resolve a disagreement
- Compromise Behavior
- Destructive
