Stress Flashcards
Reticular activating system
Nuclear structures in the midbrain
Nerve fibres connected to and from higher brain areas
Controls our arousal and alertness level
Tend and befriend response
Using support systems to cope with stress
oxytocin is important for this
Oxytocin is strongly linked to estrogen, this is why this response is more dominant in women
General adaptation system
3 phases
1) alarm - stress kicks in, heart races
2) resistance - fleeing, huddling, whatever response. High cortisol
3) exhaustion - if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, body becomes exhausted and suspceptible to illness
Hippocampus and frontal cortex
2 brain areas with the most glucocorticoid receptors
Glucocorticoids are released in response to stress
Learned helplessness
Lose ability to identify coping mechanisms due to less control over the outcome of your life
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Social cognitive theory
Theory of behaviour change emphasized on interaction between people and their environment (unlike behaviourism which believes the environment controls us entirely)
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Involve distress or disability due to abnormality in development of the nervous system
Intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD
Neurocognitive disorders
Loss of cognitive/ other functions of the brain after the nervous system has developed
1) delirium: reversible episode of cognitive / higher brain problems
Sleep-wake disorders
Distress/disability from sleep-related issues
Insomnia and breathing related
Schizophrenia spectrum (psychotic disorders)
Distress/disability from psychosis
Involves delusions, hallucinations
Personality disorders
Long-term mental and behavioural characteristics of a person
Cluster A) odd/eccentric
B) intense emotional/relationship problems
C) anxious/avoidant/obsessive
Somatic symptom disorders
Distress/disability fro symptoms similar to those that may occur with an regular non-mental illness
But of psychological origin
Ex: stress casing abdominal pain
Dissociative disorders
Abnormalities of identity / memory
Could be multiple personalities, or loss of memories for a part of their lives
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories
2 drives that motivate human behaviour
1) libido - motivation for survival, growth, pleasure
2) death instinct - aggressive behaviour from on unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself
Sigmund Freud
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism when someone says or does exact opposite of what they want or feel
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Sigmund Freud theory of personality
Central to his theory is libido - natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind
When this energy is stuck at a psychosexual development conflicts can have lifelong effects
Fixation at a particular stage predicts adult personality
Self-concept
The central feature of our personality
Achieved when we brung genuinely and acceptance together for a growth-promoting climate
Genuineness + acceptance from others are the 2 conditions that allows us to live up to our ideal selves
Hans Eysenck
Biological theorist
Proposed extroversion level is based in differences in the reticular formation
Said introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less
Robert Cloninger
Biological theorist
Linked personality to brain systems in reward / motivation / punishment
Ex: low dopamine = higher impulsivity
Gordon allport
Trait theorist
Made 3 basic categories of traits
1) cardinal - characteristics that direct most of the persons activities
2) central - less dominant (ex. Honesty, sociability)
3) secondary - preferences / attitudes (ex. Love for music)
Hans Eysenck
We have 3 major personality dimensions, individual expressions are different
1) exroversion
2) neuroticism - emotional stability
3) psychoticism - degree to which reality is distorted
5 factor model
Found in all people - a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits (cattell and Eysenck used)
Openness (imagining vs practical, independent vs conforming)
Conscientiousness (carful vs careless, organized vs not)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (kind vs cold, appreciative vs unfriendly)
Neuroticism
Sublimation
Defence mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where person says or does the exact opposite of what they actually want or feel
Regression
Defence mechanism
Reversions of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handeling the situation in an adaptive way
Humanistic theory
Developed by Carl Rogers
Self-actualization is the basic motive of all people
Focused on the conscious mind
People are inherently good and self-motivated to improve
Libido
The natural energy source that fuels the defence mechanisms
Maslow
The 1st humanistic theorist
Formed the hierarchy of needs
Carl rogers
Argued self-actualization is a constant growth process nurtured early in life
Growth is nurtured when an individual is genuine: open and revealing without fear of being wrong
Second, growth in nursed by acceptance of others: allows us to live up to ideal self
Social potency
Personality trait
The degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situation
Common in twins reared separately
Traditionalism
Personality trait
The tendency to follow authority
Common in twins
Dopamine-4 receptor
People with this gene are more likely to be thrill seekers
Remember just because you have the gene doesn’t mean you will express it - depends on environment
Temperament
Innate disposition, our mood/anxiety level, is consistent throughout life
Lower motor neurons
Efferent neurons of the PNS
Controls skeletal muscle
Abnormalities can cause muscle weakness
Somatosensation
Includes position, vibration, touch, pain, temperature
Mechanoreceptors have the biggest axons, thicker myelin sheath, faster
The rest (nociceptors, thermoreceptors) have smaller and slower. Also end in uncovered terminals
Touch uses both - fine touch travels via fast neurons, less precise travel in slower ones
Grey matter
Contains most if the neuron somas
Inside of the spinal cord
White matter
Contains myelinated axons
Outside of the spinal cord
Axons move down the tracts
Upper motor neurons
In the cerebral cortex
Synapse on lower motor neurons in brian stem or spinal cord
= corticospinal tract in spinal cord
= corticobulbar tract in the brain stem
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions on antagonist muscle
Caused by hyperflexia
Long tracts
Groups of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem
Upper motor neurons and somatosensory
Glutamate
Most common excitatory NT
Released by the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex
GABA and Glycine
The most common inhibitory NTs
Acetylcholine
Released by basilisks and septal nuclei in the frontal lobe
Norepinephrine
Released by the locus ceruleus
Serotonin
Released by raphe nuclei of the midbrain / medulla
Dopamine
Released by the VTA of substantia nigra
Radio frequency lesions
Used to destroy tissue on the surface of the brain and deep inside the brain
Wire is insteared and sends high frequency current to destroy
Neurochemical lesions
Excitotoxic lesions
Triggers influx of calcium that kills the neurons
Cortical cooling
Cooling down the neurons until they stop firing
Temporary and reversible unlike the other techniques
EEG
Way to study the brain
External only cannot tell us about the activity if individual neurons
Only looks at the sum
Helpful for seizures, sleep stages, cognitive tasks
Temperament
Differences between children
Characteristic of emotional reactivity, sociability
Established before babies are posed to environment and persists as they age
Not the same as personality
Innate behavioural traits
Inherited
Intrinsic
Stereotypic (perfumed the same way each time)
Inflexible
Consummate (fully developed right away at 1st performance)
3 main types: reflexes, orientations, fixed-action patterns
Learned behavioural traits
Non-inherited Extrinsic Changeable Adaptable Progressing (can improve)
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary (basic instincts) Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory (want to reach full arousal/alertness) Cognitive (though processes) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Needs must be fufilled from bottom -> top
1) physiological - food, sleep, breathing (survival)
2) safety - employment, health, resources
3) love - social needs
4) self-esteem - sense of achievement, recognition, respect
5) self-actualization - reaching maximum potential
Incentive theory
Associating positive meaning to a behaviour
Ex: reward
Increases chances of repeating the behaviour
Ethology
Observation of animal behaviour
Overt (not necessarily obvious)
Innate, learned, complex behaviours
Theory of planned behaviour
We consider the implications of our intentions before we behave
Intentions based on
1) our attitude (ex. I like studying)
2) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behaviour)
3) perceived control (how easy or hard it is to control
Attitude to behaviour process model
An event triggers our attitude towards the thing (ex: someone in family has a disease due to unhealthy eating so you eat healthy)
Attitude + outside knowledge determines behaviour
Prototype willingness model
Behaviour is due to 6 things Past behaviour Attitude Subjective norms Intentions Willingness to engage in the behaviour Prototypes/models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
2 ways info is processed
1) central - depend son quality of evidence by the persuader
2) peripheral - superficial/non-verbal persuasion cues. Like attractiveness or status of the persuader
Foot in the door phenomenon
We tend to agree to small actions first, and over time comply to larger actions
A way that behaviour influences attitude
Role-playing
A way that behaviour influence attitude
What begins as acting above time begins to feel like you
Changed attitude as a result of our behaviour carrying out that role
