Stress Flashcards
stress as a stimulus
1/3
identifying types of stressful events
stress as a stimulus
2/3
identifying situations, people, places, events, time periods that cause more stress
stress as a stimulus
3/3
we describe these things as ‘stressful’ or ‘stressors’
stress as a response
1/3
psychological responses to stress (emotions, behaviours, thoughts)
stress as a response
2/3
physiological responses to stress (tension, fatigue, sleep disturbance)
stress as a response
3/3
a strain on our system
stress as a process
1/3
situations may be more stressful for some people compared to others
stress as a process
2/3
some people react more strongly physiologically and psychologically to a certain stressor compared to other people
stress as a process
3/3
places demands on resources
eg energy, attention and emotions
sources of stress:
jobs (3)
- workload
- high responsibility but low power
- physical danger (military, police etc)
sources of stress:
environment (3)
- congestion/ traffic
- wildfires (eg wildfires, tornadoes)
- noise
dimensions of stress:
duration
acute (eg exam) vs chronic (living in a war zone)
dimensions of stress:
frequency
single vs repeated
dimensions of stress
proximity
personal vs vicarious
dimensions of stress
intensity
hassle (finding a car parking space) vs traumatic (horrifying, risk to life)
eustress
where stress response enhances functioning: positive response to stress
distress
where stress response is experienced as a negative: adverse to one’s well-being
eustress
usefulness
1/3
relationships are sources of stress but are essential
eustress
usefulness
2/3
complete absence of stress is bad for the body eg boredom
eustress
usefulness
3/3
everyone as an optional level of stress eg individual differences
eustress
positive for CJS
1/2
solitary confinement- deters repeat offending within prison environment
eustress
positive for CJS
2/2
specialist police units- met police specialist firearms command
GAS model
General Adaptation Syndrome
GAS model
overview
1/2
understand the impact of chronic stress on the body
GAS model
overview
2/2
stress is a non-specific response of body to a demand made on it
GAS model
three stages
- alarm stage
- resistance
- exhaustion
GAS model
alarm stage response
1/4
first phase: shock
GAS model
alarm stage response
2/4
followed rapidly by: counter shock
- auto nervous system activated with sympathetic nervous system
- fight or flight
GAS model
alarm stage response
3/4
stress hormones are released (adrenaline and cortisol)- flood body with energy
GAS model
alarm stage response
4/4
physical symptoms of anxiety:
- increased heart rate
- increased breathing rate
- muscles tense
GAS model
resistance response
1/4
body tries to adapt to strains and demands (finding ways to cope with stressor)
GAS model
resistance response
2/4
body reaches peak level of response to stress
GAS model
resistance response
3/4
body works at increased level of resistance using resources until they run out/ stress ends
GAS model
resistance response
4/4
resources deplete (blood glucose levels drop)
GAS model
exhaustion response
1
cannot resist anymore as resources have depleted- disease and death are possible
GAS model
exhaustion - damage
1/3
psychophysiological disorders may develop (high blood pressure)
GAS model
exhaustion response - damage
2/3
‘adrenaline wash-out’ sensation
GAS model
exhaustion response - damage
3/3
risk of heart disease
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
overview
1/6
stress is discrepancy between environmental demands of resources
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
overview
2/6
examines interaction between stressful life events and how people cope with them
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
overview
3/6
understand individual differences
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
overview
4/6
importance of cognitive appraisal (evaluation of the event)
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
overview
5/6
primary appraisal- if situation is threatening, harmful, challenging etc
transactional model
(Lazarus and Folkman 1984)
6/6
secondary appraisal- evaluation of responses to cope with situation
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
1/6
stress is what happens to a person
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
2/6
cost of chronic exposure to repeated challenges of stressful experiences
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
3/6
measurement of how stress impacts each person (who is at risk of GAS)
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
4/6
tells us what our current health is as well as predicting how our health will be in 3-5 years
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
5/6
the higher allostatic load, the more damage stress is doing and we need to be concerned
allostatic load
(Sterling and Eyer)
overview
6/6
chronic stress = overload
stress
summary
1/6
stress can be positive and negative
stress
summary
2/6
need to appreciate individualistic nature of stress
stress
summary
3/6
assessment and intervention programmes need to be designed for the individual
stress
summary
4/6
need to consider stress in relation to offenders as CJS occupations
stress
summary
5/6
PTSD raises serious consequences for personnel involved in CJS
stress
summary
6/6
important to develop treatment programmes for sufferers of PTSD
stress
immune system
1/3
stress can suppress the immune system
stress
immune system
2/3
stress depresses release of natural killer cells- difficult to fight illness eg cancer
stress
immune system
3/3
stress can contribute to heart disease, depression, Alzheimer’s
PTSD
overview
1/3 (Andreasen and Black 1996, Wolf and Mosnaim 1990)
serious vehicle accidents, witnessing murder/ natural disaster/ terrorist attacks
PTSD
overview
2/3 (Friedman and Marsella 1996)
“survival guilt” if family/ friends were harmed/ killed by the traumatic event
PTSD
overview
3/3 (Zatzick et al 1997)
if trauma is severe enough PTSD can remain for years or decades even with the best available treatments
extreme stress
symptoms
1
numbness, socially unresponsive, oddly unaffected (disassociation)
extreme stress
acute stress disorder
1
recurrent nightmares, waking flashback of traumatic event, sufferer can believe they are back in the event situation
PTSD
Radant et al 2001
twin and family studies: PTSD runs in the family - odds increase 5x if a parent has it
PTSD
Zaidi and Foy 1994
early adverse experiences - eg child abuse may predispose an individual to PTSD if they are sufficiently stressed as adults
PTSD
resulted from early events
1/3
distinct weakness in individual’s physiological response to stress
PTSD
resulted from early events
2/3
sufferers show abnormally low levels of cortisol - secreted by the adrenal glands during stress
PTSD
resulted from early events
3/3 (Yehuda 1997)
low levels of cortisol levels - possible result of early adversity and later vulnerability
PTSD
military (Tanielian et al 2008)
surveyed 1,965 veterans, 14% had PTSD
PTSD
military - risk of PTSD
increased risk if: younger at time of trauma, being female, racial minority, lower socioeconomic status
PTSD
first responders
1/2
emergency service personnel respond to critical incidents, sometimes involving death
PTSD
first responders
2/2
experience trauma from attending scene/ vicariously from witnesses/ interviews
PTSD
police officers
1/4
exposed to highly emotional events eg violence/ death etc
PTSD
police officers
2/4 (Bowler 2016)
common among officers facing unexpected threatening + dangerous events
PTSD
police officers
3/4 (Gabarino et al 2013)
chronic exposure to stressors in police is associated with physical and mental illness
PTSD
police officers
4/4
work-related stress may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease eg high blood pressure= heart attack risk
PTSD
rape victims
35-70%
PTSD
physical assault
2-58%
PTSD
victims of robbery
18-28%
victimisation: black
consequences
1/3 (McLeod 2015)
discrimination can be harmful on psychological and physical health- elevated blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol secretion
victimisation: black
consequences
2/3 (Troxel et al 2003)
black US women- unfair treatment= high stress levels- narrowing and blocked arteries compared to other black women
victimisation: black
consequences
3/3 (pieterse and carter 2007)
racism-related stress increases psychological distress for black men
victimisation: LGBTQ+
consequences
1/3 (Kegeles et al 2004)
stigma-related discrimination and victimisation - characterise lives of LGBTQ+
victimisation: LGBTQ+
consequences
2/3 (Rivers 2001)
vulnerable- harassment in school, home, work, community settings
victimisation: LGBTQ+
consequences
3/3 (Russell and Joyner 2001)
adolescents are more likely to attempt and complete suicide than heterosexual adolescents
PTSD
prisoners
1/3
frequently exposed to violence and traumatic experiences- can lead to PTSD
PTSD
prisoners
2/3
high rates of exposure to physical, sexual and emotional violence
PTSD
prisoners
3/3 (Combs et al 2019)
evidence shows high levels of PTSD among prisoners:
- 78.4% of male inmates
- 78.1% of female inmates
PTSD
prison guards
1/4 (Huckabee et al 1992)
prison employees are exposed to unique and powerful stressors
PTSD
prison guards
2/4
rising number of violent prison inmates + decline in inmates’ fear of punishment
PTSD
prison guards
3/4 (Cornelius 1994)
problematic inmate behaviour - many guards are manipulated by inmates
PTSD
prison guards
4/4 (Buunk et al 1995)
lack of discipline among inmates is highly stressful
psychological and physiological reactions (Cheek an Miller 1983)
psychosomatic illnesses - cardiovascular diseases are most common among prison guards
summary of PTSD
1/3
stress affects all areas of CJS
summary of PTSD
2/3
PTSD raises serious consequences for personnel involved in CJS
summary of PTSD
3/3
important to develop treatment programmes for sufferers of PTSD
