stress

Question 1

What is stress?

Answer 1

-a state of threatened homeostasis

Question 2

stressor

Answer 2

a thing responsible for imbalance

Question 3

stress-response

Answer 3

the body’s response to the imbalance

Question 4

What releases Corticotropin Releasing Hormone?

Answer 4

The hypothalamus

Question 5

where does CRH travel to?

Answer 5

It travels to the pituitary

Question 6

What is the process of releasing cortisol?

Answer 6

CRH comes from the hypothalamus, goes to the pituitary, then the pituitary releases ACTH which goes to the adrenal gland, and then the adrenal gland releases cortisol

Question 7

What makes cortisol?

Answer 7

The adrenal cortex

Question 8

What are glucocorticoids?

Answer 8

glucocorticoids refers to both cortisol and corticosterone

-cortisol is in domestic mammals and corticosterone is in rodents

Question 9

How do you turn off making cortisol?

Answer 9

negative feedback (AC example)

• 3 WAYS
• to turn off, cortisol can inhibit the pituitary, hypothalamus, or it can stimulate the hippocampus which signals the hypothalamus to stop the cortisol process

Question 10

When glucocorticiod levels are low…

Answer 10

mineralocorticoid receptors are activated

Question 11

glucocorticoid receptors mediate…

Answer 11

negative feedback

Question 12

when glucocorticoid levels are high…

Answer 12

glucocorticoid levels are activated

Question 13

what do neurons from the spinal cord release?

Answer 13

norepinephrine

- this increases your heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

Question 14

what does the adrenal medulla release?

Answer 14

epinephrine

- increase blood glucose levels

Question 15

What are stress hormones doing?

Answer 15

They are preparing your body to make as much energy available for immediate use as possible
- they do not make you feel stressed!!

Question 16

Acute stress

Answer 16

• short term stress

- the release of glucocorticoids results in the release of energy (mostly sugar from liver)

Question 17

chronic stress

Answer 17

• long term
• activation of glococorticoids results in break-down of lipids and protein
• this depletes energy reserves and induces fatigue

Question 18

in the sympathetic nervous system, acute stress does what?

Answer 18

it inhibits digestion

Question 19

in the SNS, chronic stress does what?

Answer 19

reduces energy intake and can lead to ulcers

Question 20

allostasis

Answer 20

• process of how the body responds to daily events and maintains homeostasis
• “achieving stability through change”

Question 21

in allostasis, what is being use to mobilize and maintain homeostasis?

Answer 21

energy

Question 22

allostatic load

Answer 22

refers to wear and tear that results from too much stress or from inefficient management of allostasis

Question 23

When a stressor occurs, what happens? (allostasis)

Answer 23

There is a rapid onset after the stressor exposure and rapid recovery after stressor ends (strong negative feedback)

Question 24

adaptation (allostasis)

Answer 24

reducing physiological response over time from a stressor

Question 25

weak negative feedback (allostasis)

Answer 25

having a rapid onset and no recovering

Question 26

3 types of allostatic loads

Answer 26

• having a stressor that always creates a hit (the lion)
• exposed to a stressor that isn’t really a threat but still generates a hit (bird and dog)
• weak negative feedback

Question 27

what is the difference between allostasis and homeostasis?

Answer 27

allostasis is making changes to keep things the same and homeostasis is trying to balance your body
-allostasis leads to homeostasis

Question 28

What was the outcome of the caregiving test?

Answer 28

women were given a wound and it was shown that women who act as caregivers took longer to heal the wound than other women

Question 29

3 step process to wound healing

Answer 29

• inflammation
• tissue formation
• tissue remodeling

Question 30

What must be reduced for tissue formation and remodeling to happen?

Answer 30

inflammation

Question 31

inflammation

Answer 31

immune molecules are recruited to wound site to prevent pathogens from entering the body

Question 32

tissue formation

Answer 32

wound area closes and forms a scab

Question 33

tissue remodeling

Answer 33

new stin or scar tissue is produced to permanently close wounds

Question 34

What did the caregivers have more of?

Answer 34

inflammation markers

- caregiving is increasing inflammation

Question 35

when do cortisol levels peak?

Answer 35

before waking around 4-5 AM

-they decrease throughout the day

Question 36

What is dexamethesone?

Answer 36

it exerts negative feedback so the body does not release cortisol and DEX is in the body acting like cortisol instead

Question 37

What happens when you inject dexamethesone in a control? (depression test)

Answer 37

the body thinks there is plenty of cortisol so it doesn’t make any
-it depresses cortisol for 24 hours

Question 38

in patients with depression, what is going on with their cortisol?

Answer 38

There is no rhythm in cortisol and they have higher cortisol during sleeping

Question 39

What is less effective in depressed people?

Answer 39

DEX, it isn’t stopping cortisol

Question 40

resilience

Answer 40

a person’s ability to adapt successfully to acute stress, trauma, or more chronic forms of adversity

Question 41

what is stress like in resilient people?

Answer 41

they have rapid glucocorticoid responses to stress which are rapidly switched off
- they have decreases levels of IL6 after social stress

Question 42

In rats, what can reduce stress responses?

Answer 42

chewing on an inedible object