stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

-a state of threatened homeostasis

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2
Q

stressor

A

a thing responsible for imbalance

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3
Q

stress-response

A

the body’s response to the imbalance

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4
Q

What releases Corticotropin Releasing Hormone?

A

The hypothalamus

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5
Q

where does CRH travel to?

A

It travels to the pituitary

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6
Q

What is the process of releasing cortisol?

A

CRH comes from the hypothalamus, goes to the pituitary, then the pituitary releases ACTH which goes to the adrenal gland, and then the adrenal gland releases cortisol

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7
Q

What makes cortisol?

A

The adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

glucocorticoids refers to both cortisol and corticosterone

-cortisol is in domestic mammals and corticosterone is in rodents

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9
Q

How do you turn off making cortisol?

A

negative feedback (AC example)

  • 3 WAYS
  • to turn off, cortisol can inhibit the pituitary, hypothalamus, or it can stimulate the hippocampus which signals the hypothalamus to stop the cortisol process
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10
Q

When glucocorticiod levels are low…

A

mineralocorticoid receptors are activated

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11
Q

glucocorticoid receptors mediate…

A

negative feedback

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12
Q

when glucocorticoid levels are high…

A

glucocorticoid levels are activated

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13
Q

what do neurons from the spinal cord release?

A

norepinephrine

- this increases your heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

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14
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine

- increase blood glucose levels

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15
Q

What are stress hormones doing?

A

They are preparing your body to make as much energy available for immediate use as possible
- they do not make you feel stressed!!

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16
Q

Acute stress

A
  • short term stress

- the release of glucocorticoids results in the release of energy (mostly sugar from liver)

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17
Q

chronic stress

A
  • long term
  • activation of glococorticoids results in break-down of lipids and protein
  • this depletes energy reserves and induces fatigue
18
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system, acute stress does what?

A

it inhibits digestion

19
Q

in the SNS, chronic stress does what?

A

reduces energy intake and can lead to ulcers

20
Q

allostasis

A
  • process of how the body responds to daily events and maintains homeostasis
  • “achieving stability through change”
21
Q

in allostasis, what is being use to mobilize and maintain homeostasis?

22
Q

allostatic load

A

refers to wear and tear that results from too much stress or from inefficient management of allostasis

23
Q

When a stressor occurs, what happens? (allostasis)

A

There is a rapid onset after the stressor exposure and rapid recovery after stressor ends (strong negative feedback)

24
Q

adaptation (allostasis)

A

reducing physiological response over time from a stressor

25
weak negative feedback (allostasis)
having a rapid onset and no recovering
26
3 types of allostatic loads
- having a stressor that always creates a hit (the lion) - exposed to a stressor that isn't really a threat but still generates a hit (bird and dog) - weak negative feedback
27
what is the difference between allostasis and homeostasis?
allostasis is making changes to keep things the same and homeostasis is trying to balance your body -allostasis leads to homeostasis
28
What was the outcome of the caregiving test?
women were given a wound and it was shown that women who act as caregivers took longer to heal the wound than other women
29
3 step process to wound healing
- inflammation - tissue formation - tissue remodeling
30
What must be reduced for tissue formation and remodeling to happen?
inflammation
31
inflammation
immune molecules are recruited to wound site to prevent pathogens from entering the body
32
tissue formation
wound area closes and forms a scab
33
tissue remodeling
new stin or scar tissue is produced to permanently close wounds
34
What did the caregivers have more of?
inflammation markers | - caregiving is increasing inflammation
35
when do cortisol levels peak?
before waking around 4-5 AM | -they decrease throughout the day
36
What is dexamethesone?
it exerts negative feedback so the body does not release cortisol and DEX is in the body acting like cortisol instead
37
What happens when you inject dexamethesone in a control? (depression test)
the body thinks there is plenty of cortisol so it doesn't make any -it depresses cortisol for 24 hours
38
in patients with depression, what is going on with their cortisol?
There is no rhythm in cortisol and they have higher cortisol during sleeping
39
What is less effective in depressed people?
DEX, it isn't stopping cortisol
40
resilience
a person's ability to adapt successfully to acute stress, trauma, or more chronic forms of adversity
41
what is stress like in resilient people?
they have rapid glucocorticoid responses to stress which are rapidly switched off - they have decreases levels of IL6 after social stress
42
In rats, what can reduce stress responses?
chewing on an inedible object