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Marine Lifecycles > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Humans have an adrenal cortex; what do teleost have?

A

Interrenal gland

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2
Q

What is the definition for stress?

A

A condition in which the equilibrium of an organism (homeostasis) is threatened and triggers a relocation of resources to face these challenges.

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3
Q

Give some examples of stressors

A

Food/ Osmolarity/ Temperature/ Predators/ pH/ Oxygen

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4
Q

What is stress?

A

Not necessarily detrimental but a threat to homeostasis

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5
Q

What is an RAS?

A

Recirculating Aquaculture System

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6
Q

Disadvantages of RAS?

A

High investment costs
labour intensive and technical
accumulation of nitrogenous waste

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7
Q

advantages of RAS?

A

Reduces environmental impact

optimal control over all steps

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps in RAS?

A
  1. Juvenile production and Rearing
  2. Growth out phase
  3. Road transport
  4. Slaughter house
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9
Q

Give reasons why RAS could cause stress?

A
  • Cannibalism/competition
  • high densities/ damages
  • inappropriate stunning methods
  • aggressivness and system failure
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10
Q

give the 2 types of stress + describe what they are

A

Acute - adaptive mechanism that aids survival

Chronic - Unavoidable stress is detrimental ad leads to illness and poor welfare

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11
Q

Give example of stressors for fish

A 
Chemical (pollution and low oxygen)
physical stressors (capture and handling)
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12
Q

What are the two main recruits in the primary stress response?

A
  1. The HPI-response (hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenalaxis)

2. The sympathetic response (hypothalamic-sympathetic-chrommafin cell axis

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13
Q

Give some examples of secondary stress responses

A

Cellular/Respiratory/ Metabolic responses
Immune/Cardiovascular responses
Responses in hydro-mineral balance on primary barriers

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14
Q

Give some examples of tertiary stress responses

A

Growth and disease resistance, behaviour and reproduction, swimming capacity

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15
Q

Outline the HPI-response route

A
  1. Brain (hypothalamus) sends signals to the pituitary gland
  2. pituitary gland –> internal gland where the regulation of cortisol is adjusted in response to signals
  3. Cortisol then affects immunological primary barriers, cellular ion contents, metabolisms and nutrients
  4. then effects growth, disease resistance, and reproduction of the organism
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16
Q

Outline the Sympathetic response route

A
  1. Brain (hypothalamus) sends signals to the chrommaffin tissue
  2. chromatin tissue –> regulation of catecholamines is adjusted in response to signals
  3. catecholamines then affects circulation and respiration, cellular ion contents, metabolisms and nutrients
  4. then effects growth, disease resistance, and reproduction of the organism
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17
Q

What is another name for the proactive coping style?

A

Flight or fight

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18
Q

What features does the proactive coping style show?

A
  • aggressive/dominnat/low HPI-axis activity

- high sympathetic activity

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19
Q

What is another name for the reactive coping style?

A

Conservation/withdrawel strategy

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20
Q

What features does the reactive coping style show?

A
  • passive and subordinate

- high HPI-axis activity and low sympathetic activity

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21
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

A member of a class of signalling molecules which is produced by glands and transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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22
Q

What are the two ways which cells can communitcate?

A
  1. Via gap junctions between cells
  2. A chemical signal is created by a secreting cell (first messenger), received by a complementary receptor on the target cell causing the release of a secondary messenger signal being released inside the cell
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23
Q

What is a autocrine cell?

A

a cell that releases a signal which triggers a response in its own cell

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24
Q

What is a paracrine cell?

A

A cell that releases a signal that triggers a response in other cells

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25
Q

What are the two types of signalling systems?

A
  1. endocrine

2. neuroendocrine

26
Q

Describe how signals are sent in the endocrine system

A

The endocrine system secretes signal substances that interact with receptors and respond to chemical stimuli
they have long distance effects and are blood Bourne substances.

27
Q

What determines the specificity of the molecules? (endocrine)

A

Receptor location

28
Q

Describe how signals are sent in the nervous system?

A

the nervous system secretes signalling molecules that interact with receptors and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli - the signals only have effects at the site of secretion

29
Q

What determines the specificity of signals (nervous system)?

A

The Anatomical contact determines specificity

30
Q

Wat is the Hormone Signalling Pathway?

A
  1. Biosynthesis in specific tissue
  2. Storage and secretion into bloodstream
  3. Transport of hormone to target cells
  4. Recognition by receptor
  5. Relay and amplification
  6. Cellular response
  7. Breakdown
31
Q

What does B.S.S.T.R.R.A.C.B.D

A

bryony sucks sweaty toes - really rank - actually cant believe dat

32
Q

What are the 3 plasma levels of hormones?

A
  1. Secretion (synthesis release)
  2. Transport in plasma (would be degraded by enzymes but are protected by transport proteins)
  3. Clearance (receptor number - threshold, and activity)
33
Q

What are some of the problems with transporting hormones in blood?

A
  • molecules can have low water solubility

- small molecules risk ultrafiltration and excretion

34
Q

What are the solutions of transporting hormones in the blood?

A

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

  • small water soluble hormones increase in half life
  • most lipid soluble hormones are either non-specific to albumins or are specific to dedicated transport proteins
35
Q

What is the difference between peptide and steroid hormones (with reference to hormone receptor interaction)?

A

Peptide hormones have 1st messenger on outside of the cell which triggers 2nd messenger inside the cell ; having desired effect on effector protein within the cell.

Steroid hormones penetrate straight through cell wall (no signal - receptor binding); and bind to nuclear receptor in the cytosol which triggers a response in the nucleus and subsequently the DNA.

36
Q

What are the chemical characters of peptide hormones?

A

Amino acid sequence and water soluble

37
Q

What are the chemical characters of steroid hormones?

A

fat soluble - cyclic carbon derivatives from cholesterol

38
Q

What are the chemical characters of tyrosine derivatives

A

fat and water soluble; catecholamines

39
Q

what are the chemical properties of tryptophan derivaties?

A

water soluble; melatonin

40
Q

Can steroids be stored?

A

No - they are secreted directly after synthesis

41
Q

Can peptide hormones be stored?

A

yes they are stored in vesicles and secreted after stimuli by exocytosis

42
Q

What is cortisol?

A

glucocorticoid (GC) hormone

43
Q

What is cortisol made from?

A

Glucose, cortex and steroid (with a steroidal structure)

44
Q

Where is cortisol synthesised?

A

Adrenal cortex

45
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

binds to glucocorticoid receptor and regulates glucose metabolism

46
Q

What effects does cortisol have on muscle?

A
  • Increased protein degradation
  • decreased protein synthesis
  • glucose uptake
47
Q

What affects does cortisol have on the liver?

A
  • Increased glycogenesis and glycogen synthesis
  • increased blood glucose levels
  • increased amino acid metabolising enzymes and production of nitrogen in turn increasing urea amount
48
Q

What are the tertiary effects of cortisol with respect to disease?

A
  • decreases leucocytes number
  • induces apoptosis of lymphocytes and leucocytes
  • leucocytes traffickuing (circulating lymphocytes) decreased
  • circulating neutrofiles increased
49
Q

NOVEL TANK TEST

A

SEE BOOOKKK

50
Q

What would happen if the filters in a RAS malfunction?

A

Potential accumulation of NH3 and NO3-

51
Q

What would chronic exposure to Nitrogenous wastes do?

A

cause stress –> then physiological disturbances then reduced growth and eventually mortality

52
Q

What are some of the symptoms of hyperammonemia?

A
  • mental and growth impairment
  • lungs are breathless
  • CNS makes organisms aggressive/lethargic/ hallucinogenic/ coma/ speech trouble
  • liver = hepatomegaly
  • coordination impairment and hypo/hypertension in muscles and nervous system
53
Q

What is the main toxic effect of nitrate?

A

it converts haemoglobin to non-function methemoglobin

54
Q

What is congenital methemoglobin?

A

a deficiency in cytochrome b5 metHbreductase which alters Hb into metHb; which cannot release oxygen and so their skin turns blue

55
Q

what is the proper name for the sympathetic response”

A

the hypothalamic-sympathetic-chromaffin tissue axis

56
Q

what are the effects of catecholamines?

A
  • more vasculature constriction
  • more lamellar recruitment
  • increased heart rate and ventilation flow
57
Q

What are the steps for radioimmunoassay? (RIA)

A
  1. add buffer and the sample (ligand being measured) for example cortisol
  2. Glutamate-buffert and waterbacth at 100 degrees for 1 hour releases the F-hormone from the plasma binding proteins
  3. Add tracer (3H-cortisol) antibodies against cortisol; then incubate
  4. add charcoal -dextran and centrifuge to separate
  5. extract supernatant and put in a beta counter reader
58
Q

What are the advantages of Water cortisol?

A

not invasive and done routinely

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of Water cortisol?

A

several fish needed and not individual values

60
Q

what is an alternative method to RIA?

A

the water cortisol method

Marine Lifecycles (3 decks)

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