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Marine Lifecycles > Growth in Fish > Flashcards

Growth in Fish Flashcards

1
Q

Define Growth

A

A change in size (wight or length) over time

A change in calories stored as somatic or reproductive tissue

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2
Q

What 3 things combine in the intake equation?

A

Growth + Excretion +Metabolism

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3
Q

What is the equation for he specific growth rate (SGR)

A

SGR = 100 (logeSf - logeSi)/ tf-ti

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4
Q

What is growth expressed as?

A

% change in body size per day

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5
Q

What constitues weight growth?

A

Sort tissue growth
Muscle growth
Fat deposits
Gonadal development

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6
Q

Is growth reversible?

A

Yes

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7
Q

How is fish muscle organised?

A

In myotomes

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8
Q

Give some characteristics of red muscle

A

Small and slow
Lipid and myoglobin rich
always active at moderate swimming speeds
oxidising metabolism with mitochondria

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9
Q

Give some characteristics of white muscle

A

Large and fast
Glycotic metabolism
active at high swimming speeds only

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10
Q

Give the two ways muscle fibres in fish grow

A
  1. Increase in diameter (hypertrophy)

2. Fiber number increases (Hyperplasia)

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11
Q

How is muscle fibre growth different in mammals compared to fish?

A

In mammals post-natal muscle fibre growth is only hypertrophy. (diameter) and not hyperplasia

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12
Q

How do small, slow growing fish grow?

A

by increasing fibre size (hypertrophy)

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13
Q

how do large, fast growing fish grow?

A

Hyperplasia (show continuous recruitment of new muscle)

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14
Q

What happens as a fish grows and ages? (with regards to type of muscle growth)

A

There is a shift from hyperplasia to hypertrophy

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15
Q

With the example Rainbow trout explain how they grow?

A
  • Under 20cm = hyperplasia
  • 20 - 50cm = both plaisa+trophy
  • Over 50cm = Hypertrophy
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16
Q

What are the 3 strategies of fat deposition?

A
  1. High or low muscle fat
  2. Large or small liver
  3. little or lots of visceral fat
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17
Q

Why do salmon stop feeding months before spawning?

A

Their gonads are growing; proteins and lipids are reabsorbed from muscles and replaced by water, then proteins and lipids are relocated to gonads and somatic growth slows/ is halted

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18
Q

Weight and lent growth are different processes; what determines length growth?

A

Skeletal growth

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19
Q

Is length growth permanent?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is the composition of organic bones (matrix)?

A

Collagen, ECF, proteoglucane

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21
Q

How much weight and volume does organic bones contribute?

A

50% weight and 25% volume

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22
Q

What is the composition of inorganic bones?

A

Na+, HCO3-, H20, Mg2+, Hydrocyapatit

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23
Q

How much weight and volume does inorganic bones contribute?

A

50% weight and 75% volume

24
Q

What would happen if there were no minerals in bones?

A

The bone would become bendy

25
Q

What would happen If there was no collagen in bones?

A

The bone would become brittle and snap

26
Q

Dows the condition factor increase or decrease in sexual maturation?

A

Increase

27
Q

What does the condition factor depend on?

A

It is species specific and depends on fish shape

28
Q

Dows the condition factor increase or decrease in salmon smoltification and starvation?

A

decreases

29
Q

What is the feed composition ratio?

A

An animals efficiency to convert feed mass into body mass

30
Q

what is the feed composition ratio of wild salmon vs farmed salmon?

A

wild salmon consume 10kg of feed but only convert to 1kg of growth; farmed salmon convert 1.1kg of food to 1kg of growth!

31
Q

What is the GH-IGF-1 System?

A

A dual effector hypothesis (growth hormone and insulin like growth factor -1)

32
Q

What does the GH do?

A

Stimulates cell growth and increases the sensitivity of cells to IGF-1

33
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

stimulates cell growth and proliferates

34
Q

What does the GH do in lipolysis?

A

Causes lipids to be converted to FAs and gycerol by TG-Lipase

35
Q

What does GH do in protein accretion?

A

Increases protein synthesis and decreases grotein breakdown

36
Q

How do fish grow faster?

A
  1. GH increases appetite, dominance, aggression, and Feed conversion efficiency
  2. GH decreases predator avoidance
37
Q

Why dont fish normally grow faster in the wild?

A

It is a trade off - but other than that we dont actually know

38
Q

Which hormones regulate appetite and growth?

A

GH-IGF-1 system, Insulin, T3 and T4, Ghrelin and Leptin

39
Q

What internal factors affect growth an appetite?

A

Nutrients, Immune system, Metabolies

40
Q

What external factors affect growth and appetite?

A

Photoperiod, temperature, Current Velocity, Water Quality and Salinity, Social Interaction

41
Q

Describe the endocrine control of food intake (decrease)

A
  1. The pancreas secretes insulin and the adipose tissue secretes leptin (both adiposity signals)
  2. The GI-tract produces PYY,CKK,GRH (all endocrine/chemical a mechanical signals) called satiety signals.
  3. The liver also produces satiety signals
  4. Adiposity signals (secreted from pancreas and adipose tissue), and satiety signals produced by liver and GI-tract, send decreasing appetite signals to CAC in the. brain

CAC = central appetite centre

42
Q

Describe the endocrine control of food intake (increase)

A

The GI-tract secretes Ghreline which is a hyper signal and increases the appetite of an organism by influencing the CAC in the brain

43
Q

What does leptin do in mammals?

A

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and decreases food intake and fat mass
It increases energy expenditure, carbohydrate/lipid catabolism and FA oxidation

44
Q

What does Grehlin do in mammals?

A

Increase food intake, fat mass, body weight and lipogenesis

45
Q

What do Orexigens do?

A

Stimulate food intake

46
Q

What do Anorexigens do?

A

Decrease food take

47
Q

What are rexigens?

A

Hormones

48
Q

Describe how leptin acts

A

leptin is produce by adipose tissue - into the blood - signals hypothalamus - changes appetite in CAC - decreases fat cells

49
Q

Maintaining adiposity is not a …….. …….. ……. for vertebrates

A

viable metabolic strategy

50
Q

How do vertebrates increasese adiposity

A

Icreasing appetite and foraging in summer to survive winter

51
Q

What type of animals have the highest plasma lectin concentrations and why?

A

Hibernating animals as they need to use the fat cells (once broken down) to survive the v=winter - hibernating animals all have the lowest body adiposity

52
Q

In freshwater species what is their metabolic strategy with regards to where energy is stored and liver size?

A

energy is stored in muscle and visceral as fat

and their liver is small sized

53
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

GI-tract (mainly in stomach), small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain

54
Q

What effect does ghrelin have on goldfish?

A

gherkin has a rapid stimulatory effect in goldfish on food intake through NPY and orexin in the CNS, also increases lipid deposition in females

55
Q

What effect does ghrelin have on tilapia

A

Long term stimulatory effect and also increases lipid deposition in females

56
Q

What effect does ghrelin have on brown trout?

A

Swimming activity stimulated

57
Q

What effect does ghrelin have on rainbow trout?

A

decreased food intake

Marine Lifecycles (3 decks)

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