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Z ESA 3- HPHD > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ‘fight or flight’?

A

The bodys inbuilt response to stressful situations

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the fight or flight response?

A

Prepares the body to respond

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3
Q

Name a study into the fight or flight response?

A

Canon, 1932

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4
Q

How does the fight or flight response prepare the body to respond to stressful situations?

A

Short term changes mobilise for activity

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5
Q

What is the fight or flight response triggered by?

A

Mainly catecholamines

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6
Q

What catecholamines trigger the fight or flight response?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
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7
Q

What does adrenaline do in the fight or flight response?

A

Increases heart rate, so increases energy available in muscles

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8
Q

What is the physiological response to stress?

A
  • Increased oxygen availability
  • Enhanced mental functioning
  • Increased fuel availability
  • Preparation for tissue damage/fatigue
  • Conservation of energy resources
  • Enhanced physical functioning
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9
Q

How is oxygen availability increased in stress?

A
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased haematocrit
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10
Q

What mental functions are enhanced in stress?

A
  • Sensory awareness
  • Alertness
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11
Q

How is fuel availability increased in stress?

A
  • Liberation of glucose
  • Protein breakdown
  • Insulin resistance
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12
Q

Why does insulin resistance increase fuel availability?

A

Because it increases blood sugar, so more fuel available for responses

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13
Q

How is the body prepared for tissue damage/fatigue in stress?

A
  • Fluid conservation
  • Blood clotting
  • Endogenous analgesia
  • Immune and inflammatory response
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14
Q

How are energy resources conserved in stress?

A

Non-essential systems such as the digestive system and sexual response are reduced

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15
Q

How is physical functioning enhanced in stress?

A
  • Cardiac output
  • BP
  • Sweating
  • Muscle responsiveness
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16
Q

What effect does stress have on performance?

A

A bit of stress can improve performance to a point, but if too stressed, can be detrimental

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17
Q

Why is too much stress detrimental to performance?

A

It can make a person chaotic and disorganised

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18
Q

What condition can be caused by long term stress?

A

General adaptation syndrome

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19
Q

When was General Adaptation syndrome discovered?

A

In a study by Selye in 1956

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20
Q

What happens in General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • Alarm induces fight or fight
    • Can’t maintain this state
      • Over days/weeks/months of stress, body is still performing at increased homeostatis levels, but body adapts, leading to resistance
  • Resistance can’t be maintained, leads to exhaustion
  • Exhaustion is a state of physiological/psychological exhaustion
    • Can get initial stress symptoms again
    • Chance of physiological damage and death
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21
Q

What is the provlem with the stress response?

A

Stress response is adapted for survival advantage, as hunter-gatherers are more likely to be exposed to acute stressores, however modern life has a change in sorts of stressors

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22
Q

What sorts of stressors are faced in everyday life?

A

Frequent daily hassles and chronic stressors

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23
Q

What is the problem with the type of stressors faced in modern life?

A

The physiological response is ill suited to long term stress

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24
Q

What are the limitations of a purely physiological model of stress?

A
  • Individual differences
  • Context
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25
Q

How can individual differences and context affect stress?

A

An individual may have different things that make something more or less stressful

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26
Q

Who proposed the transitional model of stress?

A

Lazarus and Folkman, 1984

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27
Q

How does the transitional model of stress define stress?

A

As the perception of interaction with individual person and what’s going on around them

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28
Q

What does a person do in the transitonal model of stress?

A
  • Demands
  • Resources
  • Constantly appraises this
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29
Q

What can demands be?

A
  • Life events
  • Daily hassles
  • Chronic stressors
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30
Q

Give two examples of life events that could cause stress

A
  • Illness
  • Bereavement
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31
Q

Give two examples of daily hassles that could cause stress?

A
  • Losing keys
  • Missing bus
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32
Q

What resources may a person have?

A
  • Personality
  • Social support
  • Coping skills
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33
Q

How may a person have developed coping skills?

A

They may have experienced stressor before, and so know strategies

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34
Q

According to the transitional model of stress, when does a person experience a stress response?

A

If percieved demands > resources

35
Q

What is meant by appraisal?

A

The way we think about things

36
Q

What are the stages of appraisal?

A
  • Primary appraisal
  • Secondary appraisal
  • Reappraisal
37
Q

What questions may be asked in primary appraisal?

A
  • Is the event a threat?
  • How bad could it be?
38
Q

What questions are asked in secondary appraisal?

A

Do I have resources or skills to cope?

39
Q

What happens in reappraisal?

A

Reconsider the situation once have tried to cope with it

40
Q

What is the result of reappraisal?

A

May decide it’s more or less stressful than before, moderating the stress response

41
Q

What factors influence stress on individuals?

A
  • Control over situation
  • Social support
42
Q

How does control of the situation affect the stress response?

A

Often stressful things feel out of control

43
Q

What study showed the effect of control over the situation on stress?

A

Whitehall 2 studies

44
Q

What did the Whitehall 2 study find?

A

Looked at people in the Civil Service, found that males in jobs with low control were 50% more likely to develop stress related illnesses than those not

45
Q

What effect does social support have on stress?

A
  • Buffer against stress
  • Protects against experiencing
  • Helps cope when do experience
46
Q

What showed the effects of social support on stress?

A

A systemic review, which showed that lack of social support had the same effects as obesity and alcohol

47
Q

What effects does stress have on health?

A
  • Physical damage, primarily to cardiovascular system
  • Affects immune function
  • Implication of stress in cancer, AIDS, herpes
  • Linked to unhealthy behaviours
  • Can lead to mental issues
48
Q

What affect does acute stress have on the CVS?

A

Increases the risk of CVS events, particularly heart attacks

49
Q

Why does acute stress increase the risk of heart attacks?

A

Because of the increases in mechanical stress on the heart

50
Q

What % of sudden cardiac deaths are due to acute stressors?

A

20-40%

51
Q

Other than CVS conditions, what is stress implicated in?

A
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Immune response implicated
52
Q

Why is stress implicated in type 2 diabetes?

A

Due to the liberation of glucose

53
Q

Give an example of a result of the immune response being implicated in stress?

A

Increases in common cold incidence

54
Q

What effect do short/medium term stressors have on the immune system?

A

Cause an increase in the immune system functioning

55
Q

Why do short/medium term stressors lead to an increase in immune system functioning?

A

Body gets ready to repair damage and resist infection

56
Q

How does the body get ready to resist infection in short/medium term stress?

A
  • Increase in cell mediated immunity with increases in lymphocyte numbers
  • Gets ready to fight off pathogens with antibodies and B cells
57
Q

What effect do long term stressors have on immune function?

A

They decrease immune function

58
Q

Why do long term stressors decrease immune function?

A

Causes inflammation and cortisol

59
Q

What unhealthy behaviours is stress linked too?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Junk food
  • Smoking
60
Q

Why is stress related to unhealthy behaviours?

A

People develop maladaptive coping strategies, which makes the situation worse

61
Q

Why can stress lead to mental health issues?

A
  • Thinking more rigid and extreme under stress
  • Prone to cognitive distortions
62
Q

What is meant by cognitive distortions?

A

Bad thinking habits

63
Q

Who studied the effect of stress on mental health?

A

Beck, 1976

64
Q

What did Beck find in his 1976 study?

A

Stress leads to;

  • Overgeneralisation
  • Catastrophising
  • Personalisation
65
Q

What is meant by rumination?

A

Reflecting and dwelling on negative thoughts

66
Q

What is lack of control and helplessness linked too in stress?

A
  • Anxiety and depression
  • Low motivation
67
Q

What is the result of low motivation in stress?

A

Downward spiral of illness- less likely to engage in preventative behaviours or seek help

68
Q

What are the types of signs and symptoms of stress?

A
  • Cognitive symptoms
  • Physical symptoms
  • Emotional symptoms
  • Behavioural symptoms
69
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of stress?

A
  • Memory problems
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Poor judgement
  • Seeing only the negative
  • Anxious or racing thoughts
  • Constant worrying
70
Q

What are the physical symptoms of stress?

A
  • Aches and pains
  • Diarrhoea or constipation
  • Nausea and dizziness
  • Chest pain
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Loss of sex drive
  • Frequent colds
71
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of stress?

A
  • Moodiness
  • Irritability or short temper
  • Agitation and inability to relax
  • Feeling overwhelmed
  • Sense of loneliness and isolation
  • Depression or general unhappiness
72
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of stress?

A
  • Eating more or less
  • Sleeping too much or too little
  • Isolating yourself from others
  • Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities
  • Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax
  • Nervous habits
    • Nail biting
    • Pacing
73
Q

What is the problem with stress management?

A

It is a complex process, that requires complex and diverse management

74
Q

What are the types of stress management?

A
  • Cognitive strategies
  • Behavioural strategies
  • Emotional strategies
  • Physical strategies
  • Non-cognitive strategies
75
Q

What are the cognitive strategies of stress management?

A

Trying to think about things differently

76
Q

What techniques are used to try and think about things differently?

A
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Hypothesis testing
77
Q

How is cognitive restructuring achieved?

A

CBT

78
Q

Give a behavioural strategy of stess management

A

Skills training

79
Q

When is skills training used?

A

For work related stress

80
Q

What skills can be taught to deal with work related stress?

A
  • Assertiveness
  • Time management
81
Q

What are the emotional strategies of stress management?

A
  • Counselling
  • Emotional disclosure
  • Social support
82
Q

What is meant by social support in stress management?

A

Helping people access support, and making sure the feel confident in talking to friends and family

83
Q

What are the physical strategies in stress management?

A
  • Relaxation training
  • Biofeedback
  • Exercise
84
Q

What are the non-cognitive strategies in stress management?

A

Drugs

Z ESA 3- HPHD (7 decks)

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