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Fundamentals Exam 2 > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of stress?

A

Stress is a change in the extremal or internal environment that is perceived as a challenge, threat or danger

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2
Q

In our society, what is the main cause of stress?

A

Interpersonal relationships and performance demands

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3
Q

What are ways that stress affects a person?

A

Emotionally, physically, socially, intellectually, and spiritually.

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4
Q

What are stressors?

A

Anything that we perceive as challenging, threatening or demanding and which triggers a stress response. It can be real or imaginatory

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5
Q

What can physiologic stress be caused by?

A

An illness, environmental factors or nutritional factors.

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6
Q

What are the usual psychosocial stressors?

A

Interpersonal relationships and life events. They include both real and perceived threats.

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7
Q

What is adaption?

A

Adaption is the change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor and the person is adapting to respond to the change internally or externally.

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8
Q

What are coping mechanisms?

A

Coping mechanisms are highly individualized and serve to maintain psychological homeostasis.

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9
Q

What is Developmental stress?

A

Usually related to growth and development, school age relationship with peers

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10
Q

What are types of situational stress?

A

facing a test, starting nursing school, job interview.

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11
Q

What are task oriented coping mechanisms?

A

Having a plan and being motivated about seeing the plan out.

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12
Q

What are some negative coping mechanisms?

A

Smoking, drinking, cursing, crying in a way that is maladaptive and emotional instability, withdrawal from peers and family, losing interest in things that used to be of importance.

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13
Q

How many levels of Anxiety are there?

A

4

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Mild’ anxiety?

A

Increased alertness that facilitates problem solving of the situation at hand.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Moderate’ anxiety?

A

Field of perception becomes narrower, and the focus is on the immediate concern. It may manifest itself in butterflies in the stomach, tremors, muscle tension, increased respiration and pulse.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘Severe’ anxiety?

A

The perceptual field becomes very narrow, and you want instant relief. Impairs learning and becomes easily distracted and fear of something that isn’t real, emotional instability. The person may experience tachycardia and hyperventilation. And may exhibit fear in their facial expressions.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Panic?

A

The person lose control of everything. They feel dread and terror, have irrational thoughts and feelings of impending doom that could feel like it is leading to complete exhaustion and death.

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18
Q

How long may the alarm stage last?

A

It may last from a few minutes to hours

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19
Q

What is the alarm stage? and what are the two phases that make up the alarm stage?

A

The Alarm stage, the body’s initial response to stress, consists of two parts: the shock phase and countershock. When you perceive a threat, your body springs into action, preparing you to either fight or flee. This is facilitated by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. During the shock phase, your heart rate surges, leading to an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output. This causes your blood pressure to rise. At the same time, blood is redistributed to the vital organs that will help you respond to the stressor. Your blood vessels constrict, further contributing to the increase in blood pressure. As the countershock phase begins, your body continues to adapt, maintaining its state of high alert until the threat has passed

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20
Q

What happens to the lungs during the alarm stage?

A

Respiratory rate will increase due to increase in heartrate, but breath will be shallow

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21
Q

what happens to the liver during the alarm stage?

A

Glycogenolysis – because you will need more glucose for energy to fight the infection. This could lead to diabetes in the long term.

22
Q

What happens to the GI system during the alarm phase?

A

Decreased peristalsis and motility which will lead to decreased digestion. The body is telling us that we do not need to eat while we are in a stress situation

23
Q

What happens to the muscles during the alarm stage?

A

There will be an increased blood flow to the muscles, because the body might need to fight or flight

24
Q

What happens during the ‘resistance stage’?

A

The body will begin to stabilize, hormonal levels will return to normal, Parasympathetic system is activated and the body is adapting to the stressors.

25
Q

what happens during the ‘exhaustion stage’?

A

Increased physiological response as per the alarm stage, decreased energy level as the body is getting exhausted and there is decreased physiological adaption which will ultimately lead to death if not resolved.

26
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla do when the body is experiencing stress?

A

When the body is experiencing stress it sends a signal from the hypothalamus to the SNS which stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare for the fight or flight response.

27
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex do when the body is experiencing stress?

A

When the body is experiencing stress it signals from the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce beta- epinephrine and adrenocorticotropic hormone which stimulates the release of corticosteroids – glucose and aldosterone.- glucose for energy and aldosterone (salt)

28
Q

What is Eustress?

A

A term used for short-term stress that promotes positive emotional, intellectual, and physiologic adaptation and development.

29
Q

True or False.
Stress and stressors are always negative!

A

False.
Not all stress is negative not all stressors are negative either.

30
Q

What is the specific effect of a physiologic stressor?

A

An alteration of normal body structure and function

31
Q

What is the general effect of a physiologic stressor?

A

The stress response

32
Q

Name two physiologic responses to either physical or emotional stressors.

A

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) and mind-body interaction.

33
Q

Which are the two systems that primarily control homeostasis?

A

Endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

34
Q

What are some examples of some autoimmune disorders that can develop due to stress?

A

Graves disease (hyperthyroidism), Myasthenia gravis, Psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),Ulcerative colitis

35
Q

What are some examples of some Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders that can develop due to stress?

A

Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Sickle cell disease

36
Q

What are some examples of some GI Disorders that can develop due to stress?

A

Constipation
Diarrhea
Esophageal reflux

37
Q

What are some examples of some Respiratory Disorders that can develop due to stress?

A

Asthma

38
Q

What is Localized Adaption Syndrome (LAS)?

A

A localized response of the body to stress. It involves only a specific body part (such as a tissue or organ) instead of the whole body.

39
Q

Why does the medulla produce epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

To prepare the person for emergencies.
These neurotransmitters supports the sympathetic system

40
Q

What does Mineralocorticoids to?

A

Aldosterone regulates fluid and electrolytes

41
Q

What does glucocorticoids to

A

Cortisol raise glucose levels (for energy) and increase resistance to physical stress.

42
Q

What does Androgens do?

A

Control the development and maintenance of male characteristics and are the primary precursor of natural estrogens

43
Q

What is the General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

A biochemical model of stress developed by Selye and includes the 3 stages of Alarm rection, stage of resistance and stage of exhaustion.

44
Q

What is HPA? What does it stand for and do?

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis. It controls the neuroendocrine response as well as hormone and catecholamine levels which rise to prepare the body to react to a perceived threat.

45
Q

what is the mind-body interaction?

A

The mind-body interaction in relation to stress explores how mental stress affects the physical body and, conversely, how the body’s physiological response to stress impacts mental well-being.

46
Q

Explain what is meant by anxiety.

A

Anxiety is a vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread, the source of which is often unknown or nonspecific.

47
Q

Explain fear.

A

Fear is a feeling of dread in response to a known threat.

48
Q

What are coping mechanisms?

A

Behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety. They are often happening without conscious thought.
Many are learned, based on experiences, culture and expectations.

49
Q

What are come typical coping behaviors?

A

Crying, laughing, sleeping, cursing.
Physical activity, exercise. Taking a deep breath, using practiced mindfulness/centering exercises.
Verbally debriefing with another person, journaling. Engage in an enjoyable activity as a distraction.
Smoking, drinking.
Lack of eye contact, ignoring the stressor, withdrawal.
Limiting relationships to those with similar values and interests.

50
Q

What are task-oriented reactions to anxiety?

A

Reactions that happens with higher levels of anxiety.
Consciously thinking about the stress situation and then acting to solve problems, resolve conflicts, or satisfy needs. These reactions include attack behavior, withdrawal behavior, and compromise behavior.

51
Q

What are Defense Mechanisms and when are they used?

A

Protect a person’s self-esteem and are useful in mild to moderate anxiety. When extreme, however, they distort reality and create problems with relationships. At that point, the mechanisms become maladaptive instead of adaptive.

Fundamentals Exam 2 (6 decks)

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