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N112 > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiologic homeostasis

A

Self-regulating mechanisms that occur without conscious thought to defend against change in body’s internal environment:

Primary Control – autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

What is the primary means by which physiologic homeostasis is maintained

A

Negative-feedback

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3
Q

What is Local Adaptation Syndrome:

A

a localized response of the body to stress
short-term adaptive response
Involves only a specific body part (such as a tissue or organ)

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4
Q

2 common responses of local adaptation syndrome

A

Reflex Pain Response
Inflammatory Response

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5
Q

What is Reflex Pain Response

A

A response of the central nervous system to pain

-rapid and automatic

-protective mechanism to prevent injury

-reflex depends on an intact, functioning neurologic reflex arc that involves both sensory and motor neurons

-e.g. touch something hot with your hand –> info sent to spinal cord via sensory neurons –> an interneuron sends message to motor neuron –> you remove your hand from the heat before your brain gets the message

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6
Q

What is Inflammatory Response

A

A local response to injury or infection

-serves to localize and prevent the spread of infection and promote wound healing

Symptoms include: pain, swelling, heat, redness, and changes in function

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7
Q

What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

A biochemical model of stress that describes the body’s general response to stress

  • The stress response is physiologic - but it results from either physical or emotional stressors
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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Alarm reaction
Stages of resistance
Stages of exhaustion

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9
Q

What happens during alarm reaction

A
  • Initiated when a person perceives a specific stressor and various defense mechanisms are activated

-Perception of threat may be conscious or unconscious

-The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis controls the neuroendocrine response
hormone and catecholamine levels rise to prepare body to react

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10
Q

What is Phase 1 of the alarm reaction

A

Shock phase

sympathetic nervous system initiates the fight-or-flight response

characterized by an increase in energy levels, oxygen intake, cardiac output, blood pressure, and mental alertness

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11
Q

What is phase 2 of the alarm reaction

A

Countershock phase

the reversal of body changes

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12
Q

What happens during Stages of Resistance

A

Body now attempts to adapt to the stressor after having perceived the threat and mobilized its resources

Vital signs, hormone levels, and energy production return to normal

Body regains homeostasis if stress can be managed or confined to small area (LAS)

Adaptive mechanisms become exhausted if stressor is prolonged or strong enough to overwhelm the body’s ability to defend itself

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13
Q

What happens during the Stage of Exhaustion

A

Results when the adaptive mechanisms can no longer provide defense

Depletion of resources that results in damage to the body in the form of wear and tear or systemic damage

Without defense against the stressor, the body may either:
- rest and mobilize its defenses to return to normal
- reach total exhaustion and die

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14
Q

What is Psychological Homeostasis

A

When safety, love and belonging, or self-esteem needs are not met, homeostatic measures in the form of coping or defense mechanisms help return person to emotional balance

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15
Q

Being able to maintain psychological homeostasis depends on what

A

person’s age, developmental level, past experiences, support systems, and coping mechanisms

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16
Q

Adaptive responses to psychological stressors include what

A

mind-body interaction
anxiety
coping or defense mechanisms

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17
Q

What are coping mechanisms

A

Behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety

behaviors are learned, based on a person’s family, past experiences, and sociocultural influences and expectations

moderate, severe, and panic levels of anxiety are greater threats
- involve more complex coping mechanisms

Task oriented reactions
Attack behavior
Withdrawal behavior
Compromise behavior

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18
Q

What are typical coping behaviors

A

crying, laughing, sleeping, cursing
physical activity, exercise
smoking, drinking
lack of eye contact, withdrawal
limiting relationships to those with similar values and interests

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19
Q

What are task oriented reactions

A

a coping mechanism that involve consciously thinking about the stress situation and then acting to solve problems, resolve conflicts, or satisfy needs

-often used at higher levels of anxiety

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20
Q

What is attack behavior

A

coping mechanism that occurs when a person attempts to overcome obstacles to satisfy a need

-may be constructive, with a certain problem solving

-may be destructive, with feelings and actions of aggression and hostility

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21
Q

What is withdrawal behavior

A

a coping mechanism that Involves physical withdrawal from the threat, horrible social reactions such as admitting defeat, becoming apathetic, or feeling guilty and isolated

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22
Q

What is compromise behavior

A

a coping mechanism that is usually constructive, often involving the substitution of goals or negotiation to partially fulfill needs

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23
Q

What are defense mechanisms

A

unconscious reaction to stressors that protect a person self-esteem

usually in mild to moderate anxiety

when extreme, they distort reality and create problems within relationships

-mechanism becomes maladaptive instead of adaptive

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24
Q

What is stress

A

A condition in which the human system responds to changes in its normal balanced state

  • results from a change in a person’s internal or external environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger
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25
Q

How do stressors vary

A

from person to person

from one time to another in the same person

by persons culture, family, genetic inheritance, and life experiences

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26
Q

What is a stressor

A

anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding that triggers a stress reaction

Can be physiologic or psychological

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27
Q

What is an Internal stressors

A

illness, hormonal change, fear

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28
Q

What is an External stressors

A

loud noise, cold temperatures

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29
Q

What are Physiologic Stressors

A

alteration of normal body structure and function

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30
Q

What are factors of physiologic stressors

A

Chemical agents (drugs, poisons)
Physical agents (heat, cold, trauma)
Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria)
Nutritional imbalances
Hypoxia
Genetic or immune disorders

31
Q

What are psychosocial stressors

A

Environment
Interpersonal relationships
Life events
Accidents
Stressful or traumatic experiences
Horrors of history
Current events of history
Fear of aggression or mutilation
Rapid changes in our world and the way we live

32
Q

What is adaptation

A

the change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor

-ongoing process as a person strives to maintain balance in the internal and external environments

necessary for:
-normal growth and development
-the ability to tolerate changing situations
-the ability to respond to physical and emotional stressors

33
Q

What are coping responses

A

Immediate response when a person is in a threatening or otherwise stressful situation

34
Q

Describe Mind-Body Interaction

A

It is thought that humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic threats

a person perceives a threat on an emotional level –> body prepares itself to either resist the danger or run away from it (fight or flight response)

35
Q

What are Psychosomatic Disorders

A

physiologic alterations that are thought to be at least partially caused by psychological influences

e.g. stress related diarrhea, nausea, heart palpitations, etc.

-The number of changes a person has in life (both positive and negative) can be correlated with illness

36
Q

What is fear

A

a feeling of dread in response to a known threat

37
Q

What is anxiety

A

A vague, and easy feeling of discomfort or dread, the source of which is often unknown or nonspecific

-most common human response to stress

-feeling of apprehension caused by anticipating a perceived danger

-A sign that alerts you to impeding danger and enables you to take measures to manage a threat

38
Q

4 levels of anxiety

A

mild
moderate
severe
panic

39
Q

What is mild anxiety

A

-present in day-to-day living
-increases alertness and perceptual fields (vision and hearing)
-motivates learning and growth
-facilitates problem solving
-manifested by restlessness and increased questioning
-may interfere with sleep

40
Q

What is moderate anxiety

A

-narrows a person’s perceptual field so focuses on immediate concerns

-inattention to other communications and details

-manifested by quavering voice, tremors, increased muscle tension, a complaint of “butterflies in the stomach”, and slight increases in respirations and pulse

41
Q

What is severe anxiety

A

creates a very narrow focus on specific details

all behaviors to be geared toward getting relief

impaired learning ability and easily distracted

-characterized by extreme fear of a danger that is not real, by emotional distress that interferes with everyday life, and by avoiding situations that cause anxiety

-manifested by difficulty communicating verbally, increased motor activity, a fearful facial expression , headache, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia, and hyperventilation
anxiety is no longer functioning as a signal for danger or motivation for a needed change

-instead results in maladaptive behaviors and emotional disability that signal presence of anxiety disorder

42
Q

What is panic

A

-causes person to lose control and experience dread and terror

-disorganized state characterized by increased physical activity, distorted perceptions of events, and loss of rational thought

-person is unable to learn, concentrates only on the present situation, and often experiences feelings of impending doom

-manifested by difficulty communicating verbally, agitation, trembling, poor motor control, sensory changes, sweating, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dyspnea, palpitations, a choking sensation, is sensation of chest pain or pressure

-this level of anxiety can lead to exhaustion and death

43
Q

What are anxiety disorders

A

A group of conditions where excessive anxiety is the key feature

44
Q

High levels of chronic stress are associated with multiple health disorders, such as:

A

alcoholism
drug abuse
depression
suicide
accidents
eating disorders

45
Q

What is Caregiver Burden

A

Stress response from caring for a family member at home for long periods causing prolonged stress

46
Q

What is developmental stress

A

Occurs as a person progresses through the normal stages of growth and development from birth to old age

47
Q

Examples of stages of growth and development include:

A

the infant learning to trust others
the toddler learning to control elimination
the school aged child socializing with peers
the outer lesson striving for independence
the middle-aged adult accepting physical signs of aging
the older adult reflecting on past life experiences with satisfaction

48
Q

What is situational stress

A

can occur at any time, although the person ability to adapt may be strongly influenced by his or her developmental level

49
Q

Examples of situational stress

A

illness or traumatic injury
marriage or divorce
loss (of belongings, relationships, family members)
new job
role change

50
Q

Stressors in nursingNursing

A

-assuming responsibilities for which you are not prepared
working with unqualified personnel

-working in an environment in which supervisors and administrators are not supportive

-experiencing conflict with appear

-caring for a patient who is suffering, and caring for the patient’s family

-caring for a patient during a cardiac arrest or for a patient who is dying

-providing care to a patient who is disengaged, non adherent, or lacks the resources to participate in his or her care

-moral distress – knowing the correct, right, or ethical course of action in a situation, but being in able to take that action

51
Q

What is Allostasis

A

describes the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change

52
Q

Allostatic Load

A

the cumulative negative effects of these physical responses to prolonged environmental and psychosocial stressors

53
Q

Burnout

A

becoming overwhelmed and developing symptoms of stress

can be compared with the exhaustion phase of anxiety

54
Q

Crisis

A

A disturbance caused by a precipitating event, such as a perceived loss, a threat of loss, or a challenge, that is perceived as a threat to self

55
Q

Maturational Crisis

A

Occurred during developmental events that require role change

e.g. when a teenager transitions into adulthood

56
Q

Situational Crisis

A

Occur when a life event disrupts a person’s psychological equilibrium

e.g. job loss, death of a loved family member

57
Q

Adventitious Crisis

A

include accidental and unexpected events resulting in multiple losses, and major environmental changes that involved not only individuals but also entire communities

58
Q

Eustress

A

term used for short-term stress that promotes positive emotional, intellectual, and physiologic adaptation and development

59
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

activated during the alarm reaction of GAS; characterized by an increase in energy levels, oxygen intake, cardiac output, blood pressure, and mental alertness

60
Q

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

A

A biochemical model of stress that describes the body’s general response to stress

Physiologic response to stress but results from either physical or emotional stressors

61
Q

Commonly occurring defense mechanisms:

A

Compensation
Denial
Displacement
Dissociation
Introjection
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Undoing

62
Q

Compensation

A

A person attempts to overcome a perceived weakness by emphasizing a more desirable trade or over achieving any more comfortable area

Ex: a student who has difficulty with academics may excel in sports

63
Q

Denial

A

a person refuses to acknowledge the presence of a condition that is disturbing

Ex: despite finding a lump in her breast, a woman does not seek medical treatment

64
Q

Displacement

A

a person transfers (displaces) an emotional reaction from one object or person to another object or person

Ex: an employee who is angry with a coworker kicks a chair

65
Q

Dissociation

A

a person subconsciously protects him or herself from the memories of a horrific or painful event by allowing the mind to forget the incident

Ex: an adult can not recall childhood memory surrounding the traumatic death of a sibling

66
Q

Introjection

A

a person incorporates qualities or values of another person it’s his or her ego structure – this mechanism is important in the formation of conscience during childhood

Ex: an older sibling tells his preschool sister not to talk to strangers, expressing his parents values to his younger sister

67
Q

Projection

A

a person attributes thoughts or impulses to someone else

Ex: a person who denies any sexual feelings for a coworker accuses him of sexual harassment

68
Q

Rationalization

A

a person tries to give a logically or socially acceptable explanation for questionable behavior (“behavior justification”)

Ex: a patient who forgot to keep a health care appointments says “if patients didn’t have to wait three months to get an appointment, they wouldn’t forget them”

69
Q

Reaction formation

A

a person develops conscious attitudes and behavior patterns that are opposite to what he or she would really like to do

Ex: a married woman is attracted to her husband’s best friend but is constantly rude to him

70
Q

Regression

A

a person returns to an earlier method of behaving

Ex: children often regress to soiling diapers or demanding a bottle when they are ill

71
Q

Repression

A

a person voluntarily excludes and anxiety-producing event from conscious awareness

Ex: a father may not remember shaking his crying baby

72
Q

Sublimation

A

a person substitutes a socially acceptable role for one who’s normal channel of expressionist blocked

Ex: a person who is aggressive towards others may become a star football player

73
Q

Undoing

A

a person uses an act or communication to negate a previous act or communication

ex: a husband who was physically abusive to his wife may bring her an expensive present the next day

N112 (13 decks)

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