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3rd yr- IWB- Stress > stress 1 > Flashcards

stress 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define stress

A

Stress is the condition that results when person/environment transactions lead to the individual to perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological or social systems

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2
Q

What can stress lead to

A

The fight or flight response

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3
Q

List the key physiological effects of response

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Fear
  3. Anger/irritability
  4. Exacerbation/ triggering of existing depression or mood disorders
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4
Q

When is the response to stress: anxiety

A

When there is a POSSIBLE threat

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5
Q

When is the response to stress: fear

A

When there is an imminent threat

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6
Q

List some physical effects of stress

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Digestive problems
  3. Sleep disturbances
  4. Tiredness
  5. Headaches
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7
Q

List some cognitive effects of stress

A
  1. Hyper vigilance
  2. Poor concentration
  3. Indecisiveness
  4. Obsession worrying
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8
Q

Talk through the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

We ask ourself some questions to determine how we react to a stress event (Primary appraisal)
If you’ve determined the event is stressful move on to secondary appraisal

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9
Q

List the questions we ask ourselves during the primary appraisal according to the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

Is the event:

  1. benign and non threatening?
  2. potentially dangerous or harmful?
  3. threatening to ones self esteem?

If you answer yes to Q1 and no to Q2and 3 you ignore the stressor
If you answer no to Q1 and yes to Q2and 3 move on to secondary appraisal

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10
Q

What do we ask ourselves during the secondary appraisal according to the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

What resources and coping skills do I have to deal with this event?

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11
Q

According to the theory of cognitive appraisal when do we experience stress?

A

If we perceive that our resources and coping skills are inadequate to deal with an event we experience stress

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12
Q

Describe the vicious cycle we can enter whew e are stressed

A
  1. Primary and second appraisal imbalance
  2. Leads to a stress response eg hyper vigilance
  3. We use maladaptive coping mechanisms like staying up late which in turn makes us more stressed
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13
Q

Give examples of some maladaptive coping mechanisms

A
  1. Comfort eating (or not eating)
  2. Increased smoking
  3. Increased drug/alcohol consumption
  4. Disturbed sleep patterns
  5. Risk taking behaviour
  6. Hostility or violence
  7. Lateness/ absenteeism
  8. Social withdrawal
  9. Lack of self care
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14
Q

Does everyone appraise stress in the same way?

A

NO

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15
Q

What influences an individual’s appraisal?

A
  1. Previous experiences
  2. Genetics
  3. Mood
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16
Q

Describe people who are described as being type A

A

Impatient, competitive and aggressive

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17
Q

Describe people who are described as being type B

A

More satisfied with life

Patient and even tempered

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18
Q

Describe people who are described as being type C

A

‘Anger in’ personality, frustration and low self esteem

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19
Q

Describe people who are described as being type D

A

Have a negative outlook and high external locus of control

May become socially alone

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20
Q

What is locus of control?

A

Refers to an individuals belief that he or she controls personally relevant outcomes in life

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21
Q

What are people usually split into when we use the locus of control

A

Split into externals and internals

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22
Q

Describe the internals according to the locus of control

A

They believe they are in control of outcomes in life

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23
Q

Describe the externals according to the locus of control

A

They believe that luck or powerful others are in control

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24
Q

Give some examples of how we measure stressors?

A
  1. Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

2. Daily hassles and uplifts scale

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25
Q

What is the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

It is a scale developed by 43 participants who rated stressful life events in terms of level of adjustment required to cope with that event

26
Q

What was the purpose of the social readjustment rating scale

A

To measure life events against physical and psychological health parameters

27
Q

Give some examples of stressful vents asked about in the social readjustment rating scale

A
  1. Marriage was the benchmark at 500
  2. Divorce
  3. Death of spouse
  4. Major change at work
  5. Retirement
  6. Major personal achievement
  7. Moving house
28
Q

What are some of the criticisms of the social readjustment rating scale

A
  1. Many events are rare and some more common events aren’t included
  2. The scale is based on the perception of marriage by 400 Americans in 1967
29
Q

What does the daily hassles and uplifts scale define hassles as?

A

Defined as irritating, frustrating, distressing everyday transactions eg phone breaking, rain

30
Q

What does the daily hassles and uplifts scale define uplifts as?

A

Uplifts defined as positive experiences such as manifestations of love, good news, good nights rest

31
Q

Give some examples of hassles described in the daily hassles and uplifts scale

A
  1. Planning meals
  2. Wasting Time
  3. Being lonely
  4. Personal use of drugs
32
Q

Give some examples of uplifts described in the daily hassles and uplifts scale

A
  1. Eating out
  2. Being efficient
  3. Relating well with friends
  4. Using drugs or alcohol
33
Q

What conclusions did the daily hassles and uplifts scale come to?

A

In men: they experienced more hassles during significant life events
In women: They experience more hassles and uplifts during significant life events

34
Q

Define coping

A

Thoughts and behaviours used to manage, master, tolerate, reduce or minimus the demands of a stressful environment

35
Q

What effect does effective coping have?

A
  1. Reduces intensity and duration of stressor (appraisal)

2. Reduces likelihood that stressor will lead to illness

36
Q

What can coping mechanisms be split into?

A
  1. Approach based

2. Avoidant based

37
Q

Describe the approach based coping mechanism

A

Based on:

  1. Problem solving
  2. Seeking emotional suport
  3. Finding ways of expressing emotions
38
Q

Describe the avoidant based coping mechanism

A

Based on Avoiding the problem

39
Q

What can approach based coping mechanism she split into?

A

1, Emotion based: changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
2. Problem based: Adapting or changing the situation

40
Q

Is an avoidant based coping mechanism always bad?

A

No it can be useful in sistuatiaiton where you are not in control or you have to wait for the outcome eg eating to test results

41
Q

Define resilience

A

An individuals ability to bounce back, adapt, persevere, cope or withstand pressure

42
Q

How down measure resilience?

A

By using the Connor Davidsons 10 point resilience scale

43
Q

What is the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale

A

10 statements rated from 0 to 4

44
Q

Give examples of some of the highest ranking statements found in the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale

A
  1. I believe I can achieve my goals
  2. I tend to bounce back after illness
  3. I am able to adapt when changes occur
45
Q

Give examples of some of the lowest ranking statements found in the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale

A
  1. Under pressure I stay focused and think clearly

2. I try to see the humorous side if things when I’m face with a problem

46
Q

When coping with stresses what is critical?

A

Social support

47
Q

What can social support be split into?

A
  1. Emotional support
  2. Informational support
  3. Social companionship
  4. Instrumental support
48
Q

What is emotional support

A

Sharing problems, feelings and worry without blame, ridicule or criticism

49
Q

What is informational support

A

Advice and guidance

50
Q

What is social companionship

A

Feedback and validation

51
Q

What is instrumental support

A

Having assistance with instrumental tasks

52
Q

What can we use to predict morbidity and mortality in cancer patients?

A

Social isolation and loneliness

53
Q

How is social isolation and loneliness used to predict the morbidity and mortality in cancer patients?

A

Social relationships have shown to have. positive impact on the mortality of cancer patients

54
Q

How does social support protect against stress

A

2 Hypotheses:

  1. The buffering hypothesis
  2. Direct effects hypothesis
55
Q

Describe the buffering hypothesis

A

Social support affects health bu protecting us against the negative effects of high stress

56
Q

According the buffering hypothesis when is social support effect?

A

Effective only for strong stressors

57
Q

Describe the direct effects hypothesis

A

Social support is beneficial to health and well being regardless of the amount of stress

58
Q

List some of the positive impacts of internet and social media on stress

A
  1. Informational support
  2. Emotional support
  3. Social companionship
  4. Accessibel everywhere
59
Q

List some of the negative impacts of internet and social media on stress

A
  1. Misinformation
  2. Concerns about self image
  3. Trolls/ Misinterpretation
  4. Accessible everywhere so you can’t get a break
  5. Addiction/ FOMO
  6. Light emitting devices have an impact on mood and sleep quality
60
Q

Can we change the way people cope with stress

A

We can encourage more adaptive coping mechanism

We can change the environment

61
Q

How can we change the environment

A
  1. Change actual control of job demands
  2. Reframe/ accept issues or negotiate change
  3. Increase social support

3rd yr- IWB- Stress (3 decks)

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