strep 2

Question 1

strep pneumonia are arranged in—-

Answer 1

diploccoci (pairs) and shorts cjains

Question 2

capsule?

Answer 2

encapuslated

Question 3

hemolysis?

Answer 3

alphla hemlytic due to pneumolysin which breaks down hemoglobin (so the H2O2 porduced by the bacteria oxidies the hemoglobin into the methhehmoglobin)

Question 4

motility and spore?

Answer 4

none motile and none spore forming

Question 5

S pneumonia virulence factors
LOOK ST SLIDE 4

Answer 5

1) capsule: 90 serotypes/ interferes wih phagocytosis
2)bacterial surface adhesions: pneumococal surface antigen A: choline binidng protein
3)cell wall: teichoic acid and lipotecihoic acid adherence to huamn cell receptor

Question 6

choline, a component of —, allows S. pneomonia to…

Answer 6

enter the host cell

Question 7

choline biding protein A:

Answer 7

-bingds to choline bining receptors which are on almost all human cells inclding epithelial cells
-Interact with immunoglobulin receptors on
the surface of epithelial and mucosal
cells—endocytoses—transport—can be
released into bloodstream and invade CNS (adherence, colonization, invasion)

Question 8

The capsule interferes with phagocytosis by

Answer 8

 Absence of receptors on phagocytic cells that recognize capsular polysaccharide
 Presence of electrochemical forces that repel phagocytic cells
 PspA prevent complement C3b opsonization of the bacterial cells
 Inactivation of complement (PspC)

Question 9

S. Pneumoniae noncapsular virulence factors

Question 10

epideiolgy of strep of pneumonia: spread:

Answer 10

endogenous spread from colonised nasopharynx or oropharnyx to distal site (e.g., lungs, sinuses, ears, blood, meninges)

Question 11

colonization is highest in——/disease is more common in–

Answer 11

young children/cool months

Question 12

other factors:

Answer 12

-individuals with antedecent viral resp tract/ children and elderely are at greatert risk for meningitis/ people with hematologis disorder

Question 13

main symptoms of infectious pneumonis slide 12

Question 14

infections caused by S. pneumonia:

Answer 14

1) pneumonia: productive cough (bloody) and and fever
2) sinusititis and otitis media:
otitids media=middle ear sinusitis=paranasal sinuses
3)bactermia
4)meningitis:S. pneumoniae can spread into the central nervous system after
bacteremia, infections of the ear or sinuses, or head trauma

Question 15

slide 14

Question 16

ab diagnsosi of s penumonia:

Answer 16

specimen: sputum, nasopharynx, snus or middle ear
lage number number of PMNs, few epithelial cells/ numberous gram positive cocci in airs and chaGram stain: lancet shaped diplococci surrounded by an unstained capsule (not well observed)ins/ Fastidious organism: need an enrichment medium: Blood agar

Question 17

identification of S penumonia:
look at pics slide 16

Answer 17

alpha hemolytic, catalase negtaive,
-bile solubility test ((Sodium deoxycholate): Isolates of S. pneumoniae are lysed rapidly
when the autolysins are activated after exposure to bile
* Optochin (ethylhydrocupreine dihydrochloride

Question 18

treatment:—–for resistant strains:

Answer 18

penicillin, macrolide and tetracycline/vaconmycin or floroquinolone

Question 19

prevention:

Answer 19

1) PNEUMOVAX: is 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPVSV23) that is currently recommended for use in all
adults who are older than 65 years of age and for persons who are 2 years and older and at high risk for
disease (e.g., sickle cell disease, HIV infection, or other immunocompromising conditions). It is also
recommended for use in adults 19 through 64 years of age who smoke cigarettes or who have asthma
2) Prevnar: Immunization with the 7-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine is currently recommended for
infants younger than 5 years of age
3) On February 24, 2010, the FDA licensed a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). It is
recommended for all children younger than 5 years old and for adults with certain risk factors.

Question 20

enterococcus are——arranged in—

Answer 20

gram positive cocci/pairs and short chains

Question 21

cell wall with group specifix antigen:

Answer 21

group D glycerol teichoic acid

Question 22

resp:—–nutrition:

Answer 22

fac anaerobic/ fastiduious: require blood for growth

Question 23

blood hemolysis:

Answer 23

nonhemolytic or alpha hemolytic

Question 24

the bacteria can grow in prescnce of—

Answer 24

high C of NaCl and and bile salts

Question 25

virulence:

Answer 25

1) adherence to host surfaces: intestinal and vaginal tissues using collagein binding adhesin and carb adhesin 2)secretion of cytolysins and proteases that casues localized tissues damage and resist antibiotic treatment 3)Enterococci either are inherently resistant to many commonly used antibiotics

Question 26

another name for bile solubility test / another name for optohcin test and LOOK ST SLIDE 18

Answer 26

sodium deoxycholate /ethylhydrocupreine dihydrochloride

Question 27

epidemiology:----. E. faecalis is found in the ---- while E. faecium is ---

Answer 27

Enterococci are enteric bacteria which are commonly recovered in feces collected from humans and from a variety of animals/ is found in the large intestine in large quantinties (10 to power 7 organisms per gram)and in genitourinary tract while/ is less frquent

Question 28

entercocci may be isolated---

Answer 28

in the resp tract or on the skin surafce of hospitalized patients who have been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics (emergence of vancomyion resistant enterococci)

Question 29

most common HAI of enteroccocci:

Answer 29

1) UTI: dysuria (pain during urination) and pyuria (pus) most commonly in hospitalized patients with an indwelling urinary catheter and receiving broad spectrum antibiotics 2)peritonitis: abdominal swelling and tenderness abdominal surgery or trauma. patients are typically actutely ill, febrile, and have positive blood cultures. 3)endocarditis: infections of heart endothelium or valves. associated with persistent bacteremia, can present acutely or chromially.

Question 30

procedure of blood culture

Answer 30

1)obtain all supplies needed for blood culture 2) colllect 20 ml of blood needed in a synrige via venipucture with butterfly needle 3) sterilize the tops of both blood culture bottles using alcohols pads 4)dose aerobic bottle with 10 ml of blood from syringe. so same for anaerobic 1) invert both blood cultures 2)place them in automated blood culture system 3)after sensor signals positive result, remove positive blood culture 4)conduct gram stain to determine if bac are gram + or _ then subculture an aliquot of blood culture onto agar plates for susceptibility testing

Question 31

slide 28

Question 32

slide 29: REGLLY: go to word

Answer 32

REGIIIγ (Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma), which is a protein produced by intestinal epithelial cells and Paneth cells in the gut.

Question 33

laboratory diagnosis for entercoccus

Answer 33

1) growth in CO2 rich environment on a vaerity of media including blood and chcolate agar 2) catalase negative 3)resistant to optohcin 4)do not dissolve when exposed to bile 5) growth in bile containg 6.5% NaCl 6)Hydrolyzed esculin in the presence of bile (even if u put them in bile they are able to hydrolize esculin) 7)Produce l-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR test positive)

Question 34

slide 32

Question 35

treatmet of entercoccus/ resistance to....has become a major poblem,/ others used:---- but resistance is emerging.

Answer 35

ampicillin or vancomyocin. the use of the synergistic effect of a cell wall active antibiotic and a aminoglycoside was used ( ex: vancomyocin, ampicillian). /aminoglycosides, ampicillin, penicillin, and vancomycin/linelozoid, selected floquinolones, quinupristin/dalfopristin

Question 36

case study slide 34

Question 37

strep viridans/many produce ---/includes those that--

Answer 37

heterogeneus collection of alpha hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptocci /green prigment on blood agar/lack the lancefield group gene

Question 38

they colonize the---/rarely found on---becasue

Answer 38

GI tract. ororpharynx and the genitourinary tract./ skin surface becasue surface Fatty acids are toxic to them

Question 39

like most other strep, viridans are --

Answer 39

nutritionally fastidious so they require complex media supplemented with blood products and frequently an incubation atmosphere augmented with 5% to 10% CO2

Question 40

they are the most common cause of ---

Answer 40

subacute bacterial endocarditis(Subacute refers to the gradual onset of the infection, as opposed to acute bacterial endocarditis, which develops quickly and is more severe.)

Question 41

the S. Mutans and S. sobrinus species causes---

Answer 41

dental carries (cavities) and bacteremia

Question 42

s. mutans are part of ---/ they are equipped with rece[ptors that---

Answer 42

normal flora/allow it to adhere to surface of tooth creating a slimy environment

Question 43

s. mutans begin to--

Answer 43

grown and syntheize dextran with the enzyme dextransucrase.

Question 44

dextran contains a capsule that binds to the ---

Answer 44

enamel (hard outerlayer of teeth) and forms a biofilm that consists of 300-500 bacterial cells

Question 45

the---can depolymerize to---

Answer 45

dextran/ glucose and use the monosac as a carbon source whihc produces lactic acid n the biofilm by declacifying the enamel and leads to dental caries. so the bac use the sugar as food and produce lactic acid which is bad for t he enamel. the combination of the acid and the plaque (sticky bacteria) casues the dental carry

Question 46

what results in the causative agent of decay?

Answer 46

the combination of acid and plaque

Question 47

s Viridans cause:

Answer 47

baceriemina, endoacrditis,meningitids, localized infections abscess particularly s melleri

Question 48

slide 40 w tloo3 for API thing