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SOC 225 > Street Crime > Flashcards

Street Crime Flashcards

Essentials of street crime. Percentages and trends for American crime. Trends for Canadian crime. Distinctions between murders, manslaughters, and infanticide.

1
Q

What is the trend for murders involve family members, friends, or acquaintances?

A

It accounts for about the same amount as murders with an unknown victim.

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2
Q

What is the trend for murders involving strangers?

A

Small amounts (13%).

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3
Q

In America in 2011, ho many estimated violent crimes occurred?

A

1.2 million.

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4
Q

What violent crime accounts for the highest number?

A

Aggravated assault.

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5
Q

What is the trend for violent crimes in descending order?

A

Aggravated assault, robbery, rape, murder.

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6
Q

What is the trend for murders using firearms?

A

Most use firearms.

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7
Q

What is the trend for robberies using firearms?

A

Just less than half (4/10)

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8
Q

What is the trend for agg. assault using firearms?

A

Smaller than other crimes (1/5)

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9
Q

With reference to a 5 year trend, what has happened to the crime rate?

A

It has decreased.

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10
Q

Canada is at its lowest crime rate since what year?

A

1972.

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11
Q

When did our crime rate peak?

A

1991-92

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12
Q

What is the overall crime rate trend in Canada?

A

Downward.

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13
Q

How many police reports of criminal code offences occurred in 2011 compared to 2010?

A

2M in 2011, which was over 100K less than in 2010.

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14
Q

What was a primary factor in the decrease of crime rates in Canada?

A

The decrease in property crime under $5000.

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15
Q

What is the Crime Severity Index (CSI)?

A

A formula that allows us to find the risk of crime.

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16
Q

What does a high CSI indicate?

A

A higher likelihood of crime.

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17
Q

What else does CSI take into accounts? Other than likelihood?

A

The crime’s seriousness, as judged by population and imprisonment time.

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18
Q

Which side of Canada tends to have a higher CSI?

A

The western provinces.

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19
Q

What does the lifestyle/exposure theory of street crime believe?

A

That people’s routine activities and lifestyles put them at higher or lower risk of being victimized.

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20
Q

What is an important distinction to make about theories of street crime?

A

These theories focus on crime, not criminals.

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21
Q

What three factors must be present for the Routine Activities Theory to indicate a high likelihood of crime?

A
  1. A motivated offender.
  2. A suitable target.
  3. Ineffective guardianship of that target.
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22
Q

What is the trend for areas where crimes occur most often?

A

Bars, restaurants, schools, and malls in first.
Around private residences is second.
Street crime occurring in the streets/parks is lowest.

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23
Q

When are the peak times for crime?

A

During the sumer months and in December. Usually in the evenings between 18:00 and 00:00.

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24
Q

What do patterns of violent crime indicate about victims?

A

Often younger, male, single or divorced, and spending the evening away from home.

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25
Q

What class of the population is most often victimized?

A

Lower income people.

26
Q

What group of the population is most likely to be victimized? (Majority or minority?)

A

Minorities.

27
Q

Does alcohol increase or decrease chances of victimization?

A

Increases.

28
Q

Are repeat victims more or less likely to be victimized again?

A

They are more likely.

Someone who has their car stolen once will have a higher chance of getting it stolen again than anyone else.

29
Q

What is the definition of murder by the FBI?

A

“The willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another”

30
Q

What is first degree murder?

A

Planned and deliberate killing; if the victim is an police officer or prison guard; when murder occurs in connection with offences such as sexual assault or kidnapping.

31
Q

What is second degree murder?

A

Not premeditated or pre-planned.

32
Q

What are the sentences in Canada for first and second degree murder?

A

25 years - life.

33
Q

What is the difference between first and second degree murder when it comes to sentencing?

A

Second degree murder can be paroled after 10 years under certain circumstances.

34
Q

What is the definition of manslaughter?

A

“Killing when there is no intent to kill.”

35
Q

What is voluntary manslaughter?

A

Killing out of a sudden passion.

36
Q

What is involuntary manslaughter?

A

Unintentional killing as a result of recklessness or gross negligence.

37
Q

What is the punishment for manslaughter?

A

Statutorily, it is imprisonment for life. However, it can often range from 4 - 15 years in reality.

38
Q

What are aggravating factors?

A

Facts about the crime, defendant, or victim that tend to make the crime more serious, and thus deserving of a harsher punishment.

39
Q

What are some examples of aggravating factors?

A

Brutality of the crime, criminal history, the vulnerability of the victim, use of a firearm, etc.

40
Q

Do aggravating factors stack?

A

Yes. The more there are, the harsher the sentence.

41
Q

What are mitigating factors?

A

Elements of a crime that tend to reduce sentences. They illustrate that the defendant poses less risk to society now than they would otherwise.

42
Q

What are some typical mitigating factors?

A

Lack of a criminal history and the defendant’s acceptance of responsibility for the crime.

43
Q

What is the definition of infanticide according to the Canadian Criminal Code?

A

“A female person commits infanticide when by a wilful act or omission she causes the death of her newly-born child, if at the time of the act or omission she is not fully recovered from the effects of giving birth to the child and by reason thereof or of the effect of lactation consequent on the birth of the child her mind is then disturbed.”

44
Q

What is the maximum sentence for infanticide?

A

5 years.

45
Q

In 2004, what proportion of children killed, are killed by their parents?

A

27/37.

46
Q

What is neonaticide?

A

Killing an infant within the first 24 hours after birth.

47
Q

How many cases of infanticide are there per year?

A

20.

48
Q

When does postpartum depression become an unlikely to work as a defence?

A

If the child is older than 2 or 3 months.

49
Q

What are characteristics of women who commit infanticide?

A

Unmarried, under 25, socially isolated, they likely succeeded in hiding the pregnancy, often give birth, often no record of mental illness, some have a troubled early life.

50
Q

Who was Katrina Effert and why was she a horrible, horrible, human being?

A

Hid pregnancy, had baby in parents’ basement, strangled the baby with her thong, and threw it in the neighbours’ yard. Charged with infanticide.

51
Q

What does the Criminal Code say about killing a child in the act of birth?

A

Paraphrased: Anyone who kills an unborn child during birth who would - if the child were born - be guilty of murder, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable for life in prison.

52
Q

What is the one exception to killing a child in the act of birth? (Section 282.2)

A

It does not apply if the person means to preserve the life of the mother, and in doing so, kills the baby.

53
Q

What is the general difference between homicide rates in Canada and the US?

A

Canada has lower homicide rates than the US.

54
Q

Where are the highest rates of homicide in Canada?

A

Territories and western provinces.

55
Q

What are the most common types of homicide?

A

Shootings, stabbings, and beatings.

56
Q

What is the general trend for aggravated assaults in Canada?

A

It has decreased steadily.

57
Q

Most aggravated assaults are committed with what weapons?

A

Most are committed with weapons other than firearms or knives. Second most are hands, fists, or feet. Last places are firearms and knives.

58
Q

What was the approximate estimate for robbery losses in 2011?

A

Around $400M.

59
Q

Who steals the baller cars? Canadians or Americans?

A

Canadians.

60
Q

What is selective incapacitation?

A

Giving long sentences to super dangerous offenders.

SOC 225 (6 decks)

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