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SOC 225 > Social Control Theory > Flashcards

Social Control Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What does social control theory presuppose about humans?

A

We are neither good nor evil, but are born with the capacity to do wrong.

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2
Q

What is different about social control theory from other theories of crime?

A

It requires no special motivation to impel people to deviate.

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3
Q

What does social control theory say about why people don’t commit crimes?

A

People refrain from committing criminal acts because they do not want to jeopardize their bond with conventional society.

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4
Q

A key question for social control theory is…

A

… If the “wrong” way may be the quickest and most efficient, then why don’t we all do it?

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5
Q

What is a social bond?

A

The degree to which an individual has ties to his or her society.

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6
Q

Durkheim pointed of the importance of ______ _____ in understanding deviant behaviour.

A

Social bonds.

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7
Q

Durkheim is associated with what theories?

A

Social Disorganization and Social Integration.

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8
Q

What is a main tenet of social control theories?

A

Communities too disorganized to exert control over the behaviour of residents results in deviance.

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9
Q

What did Thrasher (1963) find about gangs?

A

Gangs arise spontaneously in areas here social controls are weak.

Gangs are not necessarily delinquent, though delinquency is often the natural result of groups of adolescents in communities without social control.

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10
Q

What did Shaw and McKay discover about crime in Chicago?

A

Chicago has disproportionately high crime in the city centre, it declines as you move outward. Follows the concentric zone model.

Note Racial and ethnic populations changed over time, but the crime rate in the area remained the same.

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11
Q

Another explanation for crime in the city centre is…

A

… The city centre has more hotels, bars, and shopping centres that attracts people from other parts of the city, providing an opportunity for crime.

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12
Q

Define the ecological fallacy:

A

A research error made when data or info is gathered at a group level, and then conclusions are drawn about individuals.

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13
Q

Egoistic suicide results from what?

A

A situation in which a person’s social ties are weakened to the extent that the person is freed from social constraints and acts only on the basis of private interests.

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14
Q

Anomic suicide occurs when?

A

When a lack of social integration, caused by factors such as rapid economic change, leaves a society without a clear system of moral beliefs and sentiments*.

*Anomy.

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15
Q

Altruistic suicide is what?

A

Suicide for the benefit of others.

E.g., falling on a grenade.

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16
Q

Fatalistic suicide is what?

A

The opposite of anomic suicide, when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline.

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17
Q

Suicide accounts for how many deaths in Canada per year?

A

4,000. Less than 2% of deaths.

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18
Q

Is counselling/aiding and abetting suicide illegal in Canada?

A

Yes.

19
Q

What is the peak suicide age for males?

A

35 - 44 years.

20
Q

What is the peak suicide age for females?

A

45 - 54 years.

21
Q

What percentage of homicide suicides involve family members?

A

76%.

*1961 - 2003

22
Q

What percentage of homicide suicide victims were female? (i.e., male kills himself and others)

A

97%.

N = 834

23
Q

What percentage of homicide suicide victims were under 18?

A

26%

Majority killed by parent or step parent.
69% father, 28% mother, 3% step-father.

24
Q

What ages of children are at the highest risk for homicide suicide victimization?

A

Boys under 1, girls aged 1 - 5.

25
Q

What are the leading causes of death in young people in the USA?

A
  1. Unintentional injuries.
  2. Homicide.
  3. Suicide.
    * 2011
26
Q

What were the five zones in the concentric zone model? (Shaw and McKay)

A
  1. Central business district.
  2. Transitional zone (deteriorated housing, factories, abandoned buildings)
  3. Working class zone (single family tenements)
  4. Residential zone (single family homes)
  5. Commuter zones (suburbs)
27
Q

Some issues with Shaw and McKay’s work include:

A
  • They didn’t specify variables very well.
  • They only studied official crime statistics.
  • Failed to show how high-income neighbourhoods were better organized.
  • The term “social disorganization” is ambiguous and value-laden.
28
Q

What are the four aspects of the social bond?

A

Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief.

29
Q

What is attachment (as it relates to Hirschi’s social bond)?

A

The degree to which an individual has affective ties to other persons.

30
Q

What is commitment (as it relates to Hirschi’s social bond)?

A

The degree to which an individual pursues conventional goals.

31
Q

What is involvement (as it relates to Hirschi’s social bond)?

A

The degree to which an individual is active in conventional activities.

32
Q

What is belief (as it relates to Hirschi’s social bond)?

A

The degree to which an individual believes in conventional values, morality, and the legitimacy of law.

33
Q

Hirschi believed that people with low ____ ________ have the propensity to commit crimes.

A

Self control.

34
Q

One potential cause of low self control is what?

A

If they had weak relationships with their parents, or if they had bad parents.

35
Q

Studies show that in addition to bad relationships/socialization, _______ _______ may also be responsible for low self control.

A

Strict discipline.

36
Q

What 3 aspects of family are linked to delinquency?

A

Strength of family ties, parental supervision and discipline, and the criminality of a family role-model.

37
Q

What 3 aspects of school are linked to delinquency?

A

School performance, school satisfaction, and conduct in school (truancy/skipping, relationship with teachers).

38
Q

What was the long held belief of religion’s effect on crime?

A

It was believed that religion reduced crime rates.

39
Q

Is there any relationship between religion and crime?

A

No.

40
Q

What did Stark et al. suggest about the findings of religion’s effect on crime?

A

That religiosity is related to reduced levels of involvement in crime in communities where religion is important. But it is not related to crime in highly secularized areas.

41
Q

Control theory largely neglects whom?

A

Women.

42
Q

What did Ngaire Naffine suggest about why women have lower crime rates?

A

Women’s heavy involvement in conventional activities such as child rearing may cause them to have stronger binds with society.

43
Q

What are the 5 main issues with social control theory?

A
  • Does not explain upper-world crime
  • Does not account for motivation to deviate
  • Ignores deterrent effects of laws
  • Too individualistic
  • Too conservative

SOC 225 (6 decks)

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