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Geology 109 > Stratigraphy > Flashcards

Stratigraphy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Stratigraphy?

A

The study of stratified rocks, especially their geometric relations, compositions, origins, and age relations.

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2
Q

What are Stratigraphic Units?

A

Strata (distinguished by some physical, chemical, or paleontological property; units of time based on ages of strata) and Geologic Systems.

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3
Q

What is the correlation between Strata and Geologic Systems?

A

Demonstrate correspondence between geographically separated parts of a stratigraphic unit (Lithologic, Temporal).

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4
Q

What is a Biostratigraphic Unit?

A

Defined and characterized by their fossil content.

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5
Q

What is Stratigraphic Range?

A

Total vertical interval through which a species occurs in strata, from lowermost to uppermost occurrence.

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6
Q

What is Biostratigraphy?

A

The correlation of strata due to the change in fossil overtime from evolution. The sequence of fossils and their relative appearances can be used to determine relative ages for other locations.

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7
Q

What is a Zone (biozone)?

A

A body of rock whose lower and upper boundaries are based on the ranges of one or more taxa in the stratigraphic record. It’s named for the taxon that occurs within it.

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8
Q

What is an Index Fossil?

A

A fossil that is abundant enough in the stratigraphic record to be found easily - easily distinguished from other taxa. Geographically widespread and thus can be used to correlate rocks over a large area. Occurs in many kinds of sedimentary rock, has a narrow stratigraphic range (allows for precise correlation is its mere presence is used to define a zone).

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9
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Graptolites?

A

Evolved in the Cambrian, extinct in Carboniferous (useful range Cambrian-Silurian). Invertebrates.

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10
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Trilobites?

A

Evolved in the Cambrian, extinct in Permian (useful range Cambrian-Ordovician). Invertebrates.

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11
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Ammonoids?

A

Evolved in Devonian, extinct in Cretaceous (useful range of Devonian-Cretaceous). Invertebrates.

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12
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Nautoloids?

A

Evolved in Cambrian and not extinct, useful in Ordovician. Invertebrates.

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13
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Bivalves?

A

Evolved in Ordovician and not extinct, useful range is in Cenozoic. Invertebrates.

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14
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Crinoids?

A

Evolved in Ordovician and not extinct, useful range is the Cretaceous. Invertebrates.

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15
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Gastropods?

A

Evolved in Cambrian and not extinct, useful range is in the Cenozoic. Invertebrates.

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16
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Spores?

A

Silurian-Jurassic (Terrestrial).

17
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Pollen?

A

Permian-modern (Terrestrial).

18
Q

What is the Biostratigraphic Range of Mammal Teeth?

A

Cenozoic (Terrestrial).

19
Q

What is LAD?

A

Last appearance datum.

20
Q

What is FAD?

A

First appearance datum.

21
Q

Why might FADs/LADs not be global?

A

Biogeography - all species have a geographic origin, immigrate to other areas, suffer local extinctions. Comparing sections may give immigration/extirpation evidence.
Preservation - no rocks of appropriate facies to preserve fossil.
Facies specificity - no rocks of appropriate facies in which this fossil could have lived.
Unconformities - no rocks of that age in local sections.

22
Q

What is Magnetic Stratigraphy?

A

The use of magnetic properties of a rock to characterize and correlate rock units. The magnetic field (reversals in polarity of field are recorded in rocks when they crystallize or settle from water).

23
Q

What is Chron?

A

A polarity time-rock unit. Period of normal or reversed polarity. (Normal interval = same as today, black. Reversed interval = opposite to today, white).

24
Q

What is Lithostratigraphy?

A

Subdivision of the stratigraphic record on the basis of physical or chemical characteristics of rock.

25
Q

What are Lithostratigraphic units?

A

Formation - local 3D bodies of rock (group, member).

26
Q

What are Lithostratigraphic stratigraphic sections?

A

Local outcrop of a formation that displays a continuous vertical sequence.

27
Q

What are Lithostratigraphic type section?

A

Locality where the unit is well exposed that defines the unit.

Geology 109 (17 decks)

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