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Geology 109 > Diversity of Life - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Diversity of Life - Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What time periods do Sponges appear?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

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2
Q

What are the Poriferans characterized by?

A

The Sponges are characterized by cell groups that are independent of each other and have the ability to change their function during their life cycle. The skeletons of sponges can be composed of an organic substance called spongin, or they may have calcareous or siliceous skeletons composed of rod-like branched elements called spicules.

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3
Q

Order the following sponge grades from simple to complex:

Syncon, Ascon, and Leucon.

A

Ascon, Syncon, Leucon.

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4
Q

What are Cnidaria?

A

The group of animals that contains jellyfish, corals, sea fans, and anemones. Known for its great diversity; more complex than sponges.

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5
Q

What is the Cnidarian Body Plan?

A

3 layers; epidermis (outer layer), mesoglea (thin middle layer), and gastrodermis (inner later). The body only has one opening, the mouth/anus.

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6
Q

What are Corals?

A

Corals are Cnidarians that spend most of their life-cycle as a polyp. For much of geologic time, they have been major reef builders.

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7
Q

How are Corals classified?

A

Based on the nature of their septa (wall) and tabulae (horizontal layers) (the inside of their body).

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8
Q

What time periods are Bryozoans apparent in?

A

Ordovician-Recent.

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9
Q

What are Bryozoans?

A

Small colonial lophophorate animals that use their lophophore (feathery tentacle that extends from the body) for feeding. A wide variety of colony forms are known. Gastrointestinal tube.

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10
Q

What time periods are Brachiopods apparent in?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

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11
Q

What are Brachiopods?

A

Solitary lophoporate animals with paired shells of phosphatic or calcitic shells. Not colonial. One of the more useful fossil groups in the Palaeozoic.

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12
Q

How many main groups of Brachiopods are there?

A

Two main groups. Rhynchonelliformea Braciopods and Linguliformea Brachiopods.

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13
Q

What time periods is the Rhynchonelliformea Brachiopods apparent in?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

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14
Q

What is the difference between the Brachiopods and the Bryozoans?

A

Brachiopods are not colonial while Bryozoans are.

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15
Q

What were Rhynchonelliformea Bracipods formerly known as?

A

Articulate brachiopods.

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16
Q

What characteristics are in the Rhynchonelliformea Braciopods?

A

A shell composed of calcium carbonate and interlocking teeth and sockets in the hinge area. If dead, their shells don’t open.

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17
Q

What time periods were Linguliformea Brachiopods present in?

A

Cambrian-present.

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18
Q

What were Linguliformea Brachiopods known as?

A

Inarticulate brachiopods.

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19
Q

What are characteristics of Linguliformea Brachiopods?

A

Shells made of calcium phosphate, and lack hinge teeth and sockets. Many are able to burrow into the sediment.

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20
Q

What time periods are Molluscs present in?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

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21
Q

What are Molluscs?

A

One of the most diverse groups of marine organisms. All have the mantle that secretes the shell (if present) and a muscular foot (locomotion and for gathering food).

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22
Q

Where are Molluscs found?

A

Mostly in marine water (saltwater), but there are some freshwater and terrestrial molluscs.

23
Q

What is the order of evolutionary branching off:

Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves.

A

Bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods.

24
Q

What are Bivalves?

A

Became diverse in the Mesozoic. Have calcium carbonate shells with two valves. The foot is used in locomotion (burrowing), gills are used for respiration and food gathering. The shell is closed by a pair of adductor muscles.

25
Q

What are Gastropods?

A

Molluscs that live in all kinds of environments and creep along with a flattened foot. There is a “true head” present with eyes and other sense organs. Most have a coiled shell, some have lost the shell (slugs).

26
Q

How do Gastropods feed?

A

They use their radula for most of their feeding, which can be extended out of the mouth and is used to grasp food. Can be used to remove algae from rocks or to cut through the shells of bivalve.

27
Q

What animals are included in Cephalopods?

A

Squids, cuttlefish, octopuses, nautiloids, belemnites, and ammonoids.

28
Q

Where are Cephalopods found?

A

Entirely in marine water; they are the most specialized do the molluscs and are highly mobile swimmers.

29
Q

What are Arthropods?

A

The most diverse group of animals on earth (75%), includes trilobites, chelicerates, insects, and crustaceans.

30
Q

When are Arthropods present?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

31
Q

When were Trilobites present?

A

Cambrian-Permian.

32
Q

What are Trilobites?

A

The most common arthropods in the Palaeozoic fossil record; marine organisms, ranged from burrowers to free swimmers. Most crawled on the ocean bottom.

33
Q

What is the anatomy of a Trilobite like?

A

The name comes from the three lobes: one axial and 2 pleural. Most have well developed eyes. The multi-segmented thorax allows them to enroll. Inside the axial-lobe is the nervous system/digestive system. Under the pleural-lobes are the legs and lungs.

34
Q

What are special features of the Gastropod?

A

The Inhalant Siphon.

35
Q

What a Chelicerates?

A

A group of arthropods from the Cambrian-Recent that includes spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs and the extinct eurypterids.

36
Q

What are Eurypterids?

A

An extinct Arthropod/Chelicerate, found during the Ordovician-Permian, that ranged in size up from a few cm to more than 2 metres. It lived in fresh to fully marine waters, and many were active hunters.

37
Q

When did Eurypterids peak in diversity?

A

In the Silurian and Devonian.

38
Q

When were Echinoderms found?

A

Cambrian-Recent.

39
Q

What do Echinoderms include?

A

Sea cucumbers (no shells/spines, no fossil record), sand dollars, starfish and crinoids. Most have a 5 rayed symmetry and they have a spiny skin.

40
Q

When were Asteroids found?

A

From the Ordovician to Recent (Echinodermata).

41
Q

What are Asteroids?

A

(Starfish) Rare in the fossil record due to tendency to fall apart after death, mainly carnivorous starfish that eat bivalves by pulling open the valves and extruding their stomach and digesting the body before pulling stomach back in.

42
Q

What is the Anatomy like for Asteroid?

A

A fairly simple body plan, that use tube feet and water vascular system for locomotion. The tube feet work like tiny suction cups.

43
Q

What are Ophiuroids?

A

(Echinodermata) Found from Ordovician-Recent, living in deep marine setting, that closely resemble starfish.

44
Q

What are Crinoids?

A

(Echinodermata) Found from the Cambrian-Recent, most abundant in the Palaeozoic compared to today, suspension feeders. Can be thought of as an upside down starfish on a stalk.

45
Q

What are Echinoids?

A

(Echinodermata) Found from Ordovician to Recent, are sand dollars and urchins. More common in Tertiary.

46
Q

What are Graptolites?

A

A type of hemichordate, important index fossils in the Ordovician and the Silurian. Colonial animals with a chitinous exoskeleton, often resembling a hacksaw blade. Usually preserved as carbon compressions.

47
Q

When were Graptolites found?

A

In the Cambrian-Pennsylvanian.

48
Q

What are Vertebrates?

A

Animals with a segmented dorsal vertebral column, including both water swelling (fish) and land dwelling tetrapods. Can be divided into nonamniotes and amniotes (external versus internal fertilization).

49
Q

What is the informal group “fish” made up of?

A

5 taxonomic groups: jawless agnathans, two extinct jawed fishes (acanthodians and placoderms), cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes), and bony fish (osteichthyes).

50
Q

What are the Agnathans?

A

Includes the hagfish and lampreys, the remains of an ancient class of vertebrates. Fossils indicate that this class has included more complex species. Common to these fish are the absence of jaws and paired fins. Modern taxa have been very recent and limited in the fossil record: living taxa lack bony armour and soft tissues don’t preserve well.

51
Q

What are the oldest Agnathans from?

A

The Chengjiang Formation in China; Myllokuunmingia and Haikouichthys. They resemble the juveniles of lampreys.

52
Q

What are early Palaeozoic Agnathans collectively called?

A

Ostracoderms due to the presence of bony armour. The purpose of the armour is still debated, it could have been used for defence or to store phosphorus.

53
Q

When did the Ostracoderms go extinct?

A

Sometime in the Devonian; replaced by fish with jaws.

54
Q

What is the main theory for how jaws evolved?

A

It is believed that they are a modification of the anterior gill arches.

Geology 109 (17 decks)

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