Strategies For the Development of New Food Products Flashcards
what are the 4 major steps in FPD?
- product strategy development
- product design and process development
- product commercialization
- product launch and post-launch
what is the outcome after product strategy development?
product concepts
what is the outcome after product design and process development?
prototypes and scaling up
what is the outcome after product commercialization?
production trial and marketing plan
what are the steps in product strategy development?
- strategic plan
- market opportunity assessment
- generation of ideas
- screening ideas
- product concept development
- evaluating product concepts
what are sources of new food prdt ideas?
A) marketplaces B) market research C) ideas from within the company D) competition E) food conferences F) public G) technical literature H) government publications
what does the GAP technique involve?
- undetected needs
- unfulfilled market opportunities
what is market research based on? (3)
- census data and other statistical data (eg. demographic info, education levels, income, etc…)
- qualitative methods (focus groups, one-to-one interview, store intercepts)
- quantitative methods (conjoint analysis and neuromarketing)
what is conjoint analysis?
- type of quantitative methods for market research
- determines which combination of a limited number of attributes is most influential on the decision making of consumer
what is neuromarketing?
- type of quantitative methods for market research
- uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the activity regions within the brain
- used sets of images that causes a positive emotional response and stimulating in purchasing
who developed neuromarketing?
harvard professor Gerald Zaltmen
what was neuromarketing first known as?
Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET)
who are sources for generating ideas of new food prdts within the company?
- retail, industrial sales personnel and technical sales representatives
- complaints
- in-house research and development
what questions can be asked about marketability when screening ideas?
- does the idea meet the needs/expectations of customers?
- does the idea satisfy the goals of the company
- is the idea easily marketable within the company’s umbrella of products and brans?
what questions can be asked about technical feasibility when screening ideas?
- does the company have the technical skills in house to develop a quality product?
- can a quality product be developed with reasonable cost and time constraints?
- should outside resources be used?
what questions can be asked about manufacturing and financial capability when screening ideas?
- does the plant have the capability to make the product at a cost and quality desired?
- availability of raw materials, food regulations and industry constraints?
what are the 2 types of product concepts?
what do they focus on?
- core idea concepts: focuses directly on the product’s benefits
- positioning concepts: focused towards motivation. Communicates main and secondary benefits
what are the 2 methods of developing a product concept?
- traditional top-down method: the idea is fully formed; pieces of the idea can’t be separated from each other
- bottom-up method: concept is developed by mixing together the components into new combinations. Involves conjoint analysis
what is conjoint analysis?
used to develope concepts from the bottom up
rating = k0 + k1(element #1) + k2 (element #2)…. + kn (element #n)
what are the 2 market research methods?
- qualitative methods: focus group and one-to-one interview
quantitative methods: concept rated on scales
what are scales used in quantitative market research methods?
5 point purchase intent
9 point liking scale
what is Bases Snapshot?
- concept testing design
- bases involves communicating one or more concepts to potential survey consumers and uses a standardized questionnaires and marketing inputs
what are limitations of concepts?
- concepts limit the wider potential product range: the concept relies on language and description of product, which may sound unappealing. Solution: produce prototypes
- concepts describe an impossible to produce prototype
what are 4 sources of input for prototype testing?
- internal informal: members of the company are panelists; results may not reflect target consumers
- internal formal: in-house group is trained on conducting an evaluation. Has cost and time benefits, but still has risk of missing the target consumers
- external experts: experts are expensive and time consuming
- external consumers: conduct preference and ratings tests. Expensive and time consuming but gives more efficient data
what scales can be used to test sensory attributes?
- sensory scale of the intensity
- scale of acceptance
- JAR scale
- image
describe the polar coordinate diagram?
- two products rated on nine attributes along a 7-point scale
- products are plotted so length of vector is proportional to attribute intensity
what are the 3 types of liking scales?
2-point
5-point
6-point hedonic scale
what does the schematic sensory liking curve show?
how changes in sensory magnitude drive changes in liking
what does JAR stand for?
what is it?
“Just about right” scale
- evaluates intensity of a perception
- used to decide whether there is too much or too little of the perception
what are the 2 components in experimental design?
- treatment structure: used to describe combination (Treatments) such as ingredients, formulation parameters or storage conditions
- design structure: used to arrange all treatments into different groups in the experiment and execute them in order.
Two design structures are: complete random design (CRD) or randomized complete block design (RCBC)
what does CRD mean?
complete random design
type of design structure
what does RCBD mean?
randomized complete block design
differentiate CRD and RCBD
CRD has just one factor
RCBD has more than one factor
describe the experimental design (treatment structure)
consists of systematic variation of several independent variables (ingredient level; time; temp; pH; water activity) across a range of levels
want to find the desirable design
in the experimental design stage, what 3 properties does the desirable design have?
a. provides a reasonable distribution of data through the region of interest
b. requires minimum umber of combinations (runs and levels)
c. creates a solid estimate of the performance of the different variables, ingredients and treatments
what are 3 types of design?
- full factorial design: 2^n; two levels; n = number of independent variables
- split plot design: 3^n; three levels; n = number of independent variables
- constrained simplex lattice mixture: common in mixture designs
in the simplex-lattice mixture, what equation is used to determine the number of points in the design?
N = 2^q - 1
where q = number of variables
what kind of data analyses can be conducted?
when is each one used?
- ANOVA and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA): to determine if formulations are different
- descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA): used to identify sensory attributes underlying overall product differences
- predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) and logistic regression analysis (LRA): use to determine sensory attributes critical to overall product acceptance and purchase decision
- mixture response surface (MRS): use to obtain optimal formulation range
what does MANOVA stand for?
multivariate analysis of variance
what does DDA stand for?
descriptive discriminant analysis
what does PDA stand for
predictive discriminant analysis
what does LRA stand for?
logistic regression analysis
what does MRS stand for
mixture response surface
what is response surface methodology?
- a statistical method that uses quantitative data to solve multivariate equations
- equations can be graphically represented as response surfaces
in response surface methodology, what are the dependent and independent variables?
dependent: response; y
independent: parameters: x1, x2, x3…..
what does traditional optimization of the prototype involve?
- consumer evaluating sensory acceptability of multiple samples using a nine-point hedonic scale
- mixed model used to plot response surface for each sensory attributes
- superimposition of optimal RS areas from all sensory attributes to attain optimal product formulation range (this disregards the relationship between the sensory acceptability and consumer’s purchase decision)
what is Pr>F?
wilk’s lambda value
what does it mean when the wilk’s lambda value is low (<0.0001)
that all formulations are significantly different
which statistical test is the wilk’s lambda value found?
MANOVA
which statistical test are canonical values found?
DDA
what is reverse engineering?
- using the product model to create a product that has a specific profile
- searches through the ingredient space to identify the combination of ingredients generating the target sensory profile
what does the testing stage consist of?
- sensory testing
- microbiological analyses
- shelf testing
- physical analysis
what are the 3 main sensory tests procedures?
- difference/ranking tests
- affective/rating tests
- descriptive tests
what are the 2 types of difference tests?
- overall difference tests
2. attribute difference tests
what are the 2 types of affective tests?
- preference tests
2. acceptance tests
what are the 3 types of overall difference tests?
- same/different
- duo-trio
- triangle
what are the 5 steps to shelf-life testing?
- selecting criteria to assess shelf-life
- selecting product characteristics
- selecting conditions for the test
- selecting the types of tests
- determine shelf-life
what factors/changes need to be taken into account when selecting the criteria to assess shelf life?
- microbiological changes
- nutritional changes (eg. loss of a nutrient)
- undesirable change (eg. loss of color compounds or moisture transfer)
- changes in functional properties (eg. losing ability to foam)
- undesirable textural changes (eg. hardening or loss of crispness)
what 4 factors are used to determine which test to use for the quality shelf-life of a product?
- perishability
- preservative systems of the food
- physical abuse that food handlers can give the package of food
- environmental abuse from manufacturing and packaging
what are 4 levels of perishability?
perishable
semi-perishable
non-perishable
shelf stable
what are 3 types of shelf-life testing?
- static tests: product is stored under a given set of environmental conditions selected as the most representative of the conditions to which the product will be subjected
- accelerated shelf testing: product is stored under a range of environmental variables
- use/abuse tests: product is cycled through environmental variables
what points should be considered when determining shelf life?
- there are no tests that can absolutely be relied upon to predict shelf life of a product. All tests are an approximation
- shelf life test needs to be carried out on finished product manufactured on the line
- once the shelf life is determined, any change (in recipe, ingredients, water treatment, etc…) can have a major impact on the acceptable quality shelf life of the product
as development time increases, how does activity of total effort increase for
a) marketing
b) process development
c) production
a) marketing: decreases
b) process development: increases
c) production: increases
define scaling up
changes that occur between the smaller lab and full scale manufacturing
what are examples of factors needed to be considered during scaling up?
- formulation adjustments
- ingredient sources
- optimal manufacturing locations
- batch/continuous process or combination
what are 2 pathways for designing the process for plant-scale production of products?
- use of theoretical models based on mathematical modelling
2. using experimenting, analyzing, statistics and developing a process from information
what are examples of challenges associated with scaling up?
- lacking processing knowledge
- difference in process control
what is the main function of the pilot facility?
to provide design criteria for larger equipment and utilities
what are the 5 steps in the project life cycle of process development and implementation?
- conceptualization
- preliminary engineering
- final engineering
- implementation
- closeout
describe conceptualization in process development and implementation
- identifying the need
what are the 3 steps in preliminary engineering?
- risk assessment
- processing requirements
- process development
what are 3 components in the analysis of risks?
- risk assessment
- risk management
- risk communication
what does HACCP stand for?
hazard analysis and critical control point
what are considerations for the risk assessment step in process design?
- microbiological, chemical, physical variables
- sensitivity of food products to treatments (ie heating, freezing, etc…)
as the level of pdt increases, _____ and ____ become vital in the overall cost of plant operating
soluble impurities and product losses
what variables of processing must be considered when increasing ratios in preliminary engineering?
- dispersion of ingredients inside the vessel
2. incorporation of air
as scaling up increases ratios of ingredients, what may occur?
dead zones and inadequate mixing inside the unit (fluid dynamics)
as the quantity of liquid increases, what else increases?
incorporation of air and length of time required for uniform incorporation of gases
what causes emulsification breakdown during scaling-up?
what does this lead to?
- two items can become immiscible when trying to incorporate one item into the other
- leads to solid stratification
mixing materials may result in ______
thixotropic fluid
what is a thixotropic fluid?
what is an important factor in this?
a fluid that is viscous under normal conditions, but will be thinner when shaken/mixed.
time dependence is imp
what does QFD stand for?
quality function deployment
what is QFD?
system for translating consumer/customer reqs into company reqs at each stage from R&D to engineering and manufacturing to marketing
what is QFD?
- an integrated packaging design methodology
- system for translating consumer/customer reqs into company reqs at each stage from R&D to engineering and manufacturing to marketing
how many blocks are in QFD?
6
what does block 1 of QFD represent?
- customer requirements/attributes
- customer req can be determined from focus groups and interview
what does block 2 of QFD represent and determine?
- customer perceptions
- determines whether or not satisfying perceived customer needs will yield a competitive advantage (benchmarking)
what does block 3 of QFD represent?
- engineering characteristics and design factors
what is block 4 of QFD?
- relationship between engineering characteristic and each customer attributes
what is block 6 of QFP?
- the roof
- referred to as the correlation matrix between the engineering characteristics (pos/neg; weak/strong)
what is the primary function of a trademark?
what else does it do?
- to indicate the product’s origin
- confers a standard of quality
- helps create and maintain a demand for the product
registration of trademark is accomplished through _____
the department of patent and trademark office
what can and can’t be patented?
can: new process, manufacture, improvements or composition
can’t: mixtures of ingredients unless there is more to the mixture then the effect of its component
_____ may sometimes be more profitable than a patent?
why/when would this be true?
trade secret
since by common law right, an inventor may enjoy an invention under no obligation to reveal how to make and use it
a trade secret has higher potential for profit, however the ____ is also higher
risk
what are 5 mandatory labels?
- statement of identity
- net quantity declaration
- name and address of manufacturer
- ingredients
- manufacturing codes
what are 5 mandatory wordings?
- nutrition labeling
- grades
- labeling for special dietary use
- savings representations
what are optional labels?
universal product code
dates
symbols
the government publishes regulations that do what?
- establish limits on presence of toxic chemicals in a food
- set limits on presence of microbiological hazards
- sets limits on presence of extraneous matter
- defines composition of traditional standardized foods
- regulates ingredients and food additives
what does GMP stand for?
good manufacturing practices
what does the GMP describe?
codes of practice for the safe handling, manufacture, storage and sale of foods
