Strategies and Theories Flashcards
encourages children to actively think ahead and ask questions. It also allows students to understand the story better, make connections to what they are reading, and interact with the text
Making Predictions
a critical reading comprehension strategy that helps students make meaning of what they are reading. When students make _________ to the texts that they are reading, it helps them to make sense of what they read, retain the information better, and engage more with the text itself.
Making connections
builds comprehension by helping to reduce confusion. Teachers train students to process the information they read with the goal of breaking down content into succinct pieces. This strategy can be used with the whole class, small groups, or as an individual assignment.
Summarizing
Graphic organisers; Concept maps; KWL Chart; Anticipatory guides; Hot potato; Finding out tables; Learning grids; and Brainstorming. A good strategy to use before reading a text.
Used to activate prior knowledge
Metacognitive Awareness Inventory. …
Pre-assessment (Self-Assessment) of Content. …
Self-Assessment of Self-Regulated Learning Skills. …
Think Alouds for Metacognition. …
Concept Mapping and Visual Study Tools. …
Classroom Assessment Tools. …
Metacognitive Note Taking Skills. …
Reflective Writing.
Modeling metacognitive practices
Using Prior Knowledge/Previewing. ... Predicting. ... Identifying the Main Idea and Summarization. ... Questioning. ... Making Inferences. ... Visualizing. ... Story Maps. ... Retelling.
Research based strategies for teaching reading
Traditional Literary Criticism. …
Formalism and New Criticism. …
Marxism and Critical Theory. …
Structuralism and Poststructuralism. …
New Historicism and Cultural Materialism. …
Ethnic Studies and Postcolonial Criticism. …
Gender Studies and Queer Theory.
Literary theories for critiquing text
where you analyze how the author’s life is shown in the work. The author may choose to include events, people, or places to serve as influences in their literary work.
Traditional criticism
a critical approach in which the text under discussion is considered primarily as a structure of words. That is, the main focus is on the arrangement of language, rather than on the implications of the words, or on the biographical and historical relevance of the work in question.
Formalism
a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.
New Criticism
a type of criticism in which literary works are viewed as the product of work and whose practitioners emphasize the role of class and ideology as they reflect, propagate, and even challenge the prevailing social order.
Marxism
all knowledge, even the most scientific or “commonsensical,” is historical and broadly political in nature. _________ theorists argue that knowledge is shaped by human interests of different kinds, rather than standing “objectively” independent from these interests.
Critical Theory
analyzed material by examining underlying structures, such as characterization or plot, and attempted to show how these patterns were universal and could thus be used to develop general conclusions about both individual works and the systems from which they emerged.
Structuralism
language is key when seeking to explain the social world. They argue that there is no reality external to the language we use. … Much ___________ critique is concerned with identifying the presence of binaries and dichotomies.
Poststructuralism
assumes that every work is a product of the historic moment that created it. Specifically, New Historicism is “…a practice that has developed out of contemporary theory, particularly the structuralist realization that all human systems are symbolic and subject to the rules of language, and the deconstructive realization that there is no way of positioning oneself as an observer outside the closed circle of textuality”
New Historicism
is a theory which views culture as a productive process, focusing on arts such as literature. Within this culture art is translated as a social use of material means of production.
Cultural Materialism
concerns itself generally with art and literature produced by identifiable ethnic groups either marginalized or in a subordinate position to a dominant culture.
Ethnic Studies
similar to cultural studies, but it assumes a unique perspective on literature and politics that warrants a separate discussion. Specifically, post-colonial critics are concerned with literature produced by colonial powers and works produced by those who were/are colonized.
Postcolonial criticism
This approach “examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.” Originally an offshoot of feminist movements, ________________ today includes a number of approaches, including the so-called “masculinist” approach recently advocated by poet Robert Bly.
Gender studies
explore issues of sexuality, power, and marginalized populations (woman as other) in literature and culture
Queer Theory
Word Parts. The idea: Break down the different parts of a word—base word (word stem or root word), prefixes, and suffixes—to figure out what it means. …
Definition/explanation. The idea: Look for a definition or an explanation within the sentence. …
Synonym. …
Example. …
Antonym/contrast. …
Analogy. …
Appositive.
Strategies for using context clues
a very effective way to guide students in learning new concepts without simply presenting them for memorization. It encourages the development of critical thinking and other skills children will need throughout their lives, not just in furthering their education.
Scaffolding impact
it engages students in the learning process and provides opportunities for students to ask questions themselves. It challenges levels of thinking and informs whether students are ready to progress with their learning.
Questioning impact
an effective instructional strategy in that it allows students to observe the teacher’s thought processes. Using this type of instruction, teachers engage students in imitation of particular behaviors that encourage learning.
Modeling impact
Students learn better when they first access what they already know—and this plays a big role in improving English language learners’ academic literacy. _______________ means both eliciting from students what they already know and building initial knowledge that they need in order to access upcoming content.
Activating prior knowledge impact
helps students recognize the gap between being familiar with a topic and understanding it deeply. … Research shows that even children as young as 3 benefit from _____________ activities, which help them reflect on their own learning and develop higher-order thinking.
Building metacognition impact
a reading technique meant to look for main or general ideas in a text, without going into detailed and exhaustive reading. In __________, a reader reads only important information, but not everything. This technique works effectively in non-fiction materials, newspapers, and long novels.
Purpose of skimming and scanning
keeps your body active and involved and helps you avoid feelings of drowsiness or distraction. Engages your mind. Listening carefully and deciding what to include in notes keeps your mind actively involved with what you hear. Emphasizes and organizes information.
Purpose of note taking
a helpful learning tool for students of all ages to organize, clarify, or simplify complex information—they help students construct understanding through an exploration of the relationships between concepts. Teacher-generated organizers are a useful scaffold to support student learning.
Purpose of graphic organizers
uses a grid to help kids explore how sets of things are related to one another. By completing and analyzing the grid, students are able to see connections, make predictions and master important concepts. This strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills.
Purpose of semantic feature analysis
help students prepare for the reading activity by activating the relevant schemata, and motivating them to read. _________________ can also help learners anticipate the topic, vocabulary and possibly important grammar structures in the texts.
Purpose of pre reading activities
