Strand 3 Ground Flashcards
What is PAVE?
Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External Pressure
What is PAVE checklist used for?
Assess Risk Management
What is DECIDE?
Detect problem Estimate need for change Choose desired outcome Identify controls needed Do the action Evaluate
What is the DECIDE acronym used for?
Aeronautical Decision Making
What is a flight review?
61.56
1 hour flight training and 1 hour ground training needed every 2 years by a CFI.
What is a SODA?
Statement of Demonstrated Ability i.e. amputee
What is a special issuance?
Medical condition that changes that you must be seen for more frequently
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic
Hypemic
Stagnent
Histotoxic
What is Hypoxic Hypoxia?
Result of insufficient oxygen available to the body
What are some symptoms of hypoxia?
Confusion, bluish skin, difficulty breathing, fatigue, Headache
What is Hypemic Hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen deficiency in the blood
CO2 poisoning and blood donation
What is Stagnant Hypoxia?
Inability to move blood around body
Typical for fighter pilots
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Usually caused by drugs or alcohol
What are the Oxygen regulations and altitudes?
91.211
12,500ft - 14,000ft oxygen required if over 30 minutes
14,000+ ft. oxygen required for crew
15,000+ ft. oxygen required for all passengers
What are the systems used for personal orientation?
Vestibular
Visual
Somatosensory
What is the Vestibular system?
Inner Ear canals
Contains semicircular canals that are able to detect movement
Endolymph is the liquid that moves in the canals that touches hair cells which the brain is able to tell what movement is happening
What is the visual system?
Our eyes
What is the somatosensory system?
Nerves
Such as feeling, hearing, smelling
What are “Leans”?
When you enter a turn banked too slowly, the fluid in your eyes won’t start moving so it will trick your brain into thinking your straight and level
What is Coriolis Illusion?
When you’re in a constant turn for a long time, the fluid in your ears stop moving and will trick your brain that your straight and level while still turning
What is the somatogravic illusion?
When you accelerate quickly, it will make you feel like you are pitching the nose up. This may result in you pushing the nose forward and enter a nose low dive attitude.
What is an inversion illusion?
If you pitch down too quickly from a climb to straight and level, you can get the illusion that you’re tumbling backwards.
What is the elevator illusion?
This happens when you have an updraft and the aircraft is accelerated vertically. You will feel like you need to push the nose forward
What is Autokinesis?
When you stare at a light for too long, your brain will trick you into thinking it’s moving
Why would you not want to fly when you are sick?
Ear infections or sinus problem can cause excruciating pain when you fly and change altitudes with different pressures.
What are two types of stress and fatigue?
Acute - nervous for a test
Chronic - long term, more serious
What is a controlled scuba dive?
A dive that goes to a depth where you need decompression stops
What is an uncontrolled dive?
A dive that doesn’t go down that deep, just a typical vacation free dive
What are the rules regarding scuba dives?
Controlled Dives - 24 hours regardless of the altitude
Uncontrolled Dives - 12 hours below 8000 feet, 24 hours any other altitude
What are the hazardous attitudes?
Anti-authority Impulsivity Invulnerability Macho Resignation
What is Anti-Authority?
Not liking being told what to do
What is Impulsivity?
Doing something immediately, without evaluating
What is Invulnerability?
Denying that something bad will happen to them
What is Macho?
Pilots who think they are better than everybody
What is Resignation?
When somebody thinks there is no difference in what happens to them
What are cones and rods?
They are photoreceptors that lie on the retina.
What is a cone cell?
Cone cells are used for daytime and on the outer rim. They do receive color under light conditions
What is a rod cell?
Rods are use during nighttime and are on the inner portion. They do not process color
What happens after the light reaches the rods and cones?
The optic nerve transfers the message/sensation to the brain
What are 3 types of vision?
Scotopic - Vision with rods
Photopic - Vision with cones
Mesopic - Both cones and rods
What are the night vision illusions?
Autokinesis
False Horizon
Black Hole effect
What are lights required to fly at night?
Position lights (red & green) , anti-collision lights (strobe)
Landing lights when flying for hire
What are the runway edge lights?
White, then amber last 2000 feet
What color are the runway centerline lights?
White, until the last 3,000 ft of runway they alternate red and white, then just red for the last 1,000 feet.
What is the rotating beacon at a civilian airport?
White green
What is the rotating beacon at a seaport?
White yellow
What is the rotating beacon at a military airport?
White white green
What is the rotating beacon at a heliport?
White yellow green
What acronym can we use to ensure the airplane is able to fly?
D.I.E.
What Documents are needed for flight?
Airworthiness Certificate Registration Radio License (Int'l only) Operating Manual Weight & Balance
When does the registration expire?
Every 3 years
When does Airworthiness Certificate expire?
It is valid as long as airplane is maintained properly
What Inspections are required for aircraft?
Annual - 12 months (VFR & IFR) VOR - 30 days (IFR) Inspections - (Progressive, 100-hour) Airworthiness Directives - as needed Transponder - 24 months (VFR & IFR) ELT - 12 months (VFR & IFR) Static System - 24 months (IFR)
What maintenance program does UVU use?
Progressive maintenance that is every 50 hours and replaces annual inspection
What would we check to see if there is any un-airworthy equipment onboard?
91.205 - ATOMATOFLAMES
Minimum Equipment List - AFM
Airworthiness Directives
Personal Comfort
Would you be able to fly with in-operative equipment?
91.213
Remove/Deactive Equipment
Placard
Log
What is a special flight permit?
Allows an airplane which does not meet airworthiness standards to be flown, usually to a maintenance facility.
Obtained from a local FSDO
Can a private pilot do preventative Maintenance?
Yes. Part 43 appendix A
What is the list of vestibular illusions?
ICEFLAGS
Inversion Coriolis Illusion Elevator False Horizon Leans Autokinesis Graveyard Spiral Somatosensory Illusion
How would you check the fuel system?
Sump and look for contaminants and color, check fuel quantity, manipulate in flight using the fuel selector
What color gas is AVGAS80?
Red
What color gas is AVGAS100
Green
What color gas is 100LL?
Blue
What color gas is JetA?
White/clear
What is the fuel quantity for the DA-40?
40 Gallons short range
50 Gallons long range
What is the max imbalance of fuel tanks for the DA-40?
10 gallons short range tanks
8 Gallons long range tank
What type of engine is on the DA-40?
Lycoming IO-360
Explain the power plant of the DA-40?
Fuel Injected, Horizontally opposed, Air cooled, 4 cylinder, 4 stroke
How many spark plugs does the DA-40 have?
8, 2 per cylinder
What is the DA-40’s horsepower?
180 HP at 2700 RPM
160 HP at 2400 RPM
What is the size of the Lycoming engine?
360 cubic inches of displacement
What is Pre-Ignition?
When carbon deposits that get hot and cause ignition stage out of order
What is Detonation?
Explosion rather than combustion, can happen by using wrong fuel
What are the 4 strokes for in the power plant?
Intake, compression, combustion, exhaust
What is the airframe made out of?
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic
What are wings, ailerons, and flaps made out of?
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic and carbon fiber reinforced plastic
What is the internal portion of the airframe made out of?
Semi-Monocoque
AKA has stringers
How are the flight controls moved?
Cables for rudders
Push rods for Ailerons and Elevator
What is a ing planform?
How the wings are shaped, ours is a moderate taper
What is a constant Speed Prop?
You can select an RPM depending on if you want more power or better efficiency
How is the propellers blade pitch changed?
Hydraulically using engine oil
What is underspending the prop?
When you climb, and you pitch the airplane up so it has to work harder. Engine will start to slow down due to centrifugal force
What is overspending the prop?
By pitching down the engine will start to speed up and the flyweights will move outward due to centrifugal force
What is the power generation from?
Alternator
How much storage is the alternator?
28 Volts 70 Amps
What is the power storage?
Battery
What is the battery storage?
24 Volts 11 Amps
How long will the emergency battery go for?
1.5 hours of power for attitude indicator and floodlights
What are SAM?
Standby Instruments
How long will the battery support the Standby Instruments?
1 hour of power
How is Power Distributed?
Buses
What are the Power Consumers?
Lights, radio, g1000
How are Instruments ran?
ADC (Air Data Computer)
Pitot Static System
What are the inputs to the ADC?
Ramp Pressure/ Pitot Pressure, Static Pressure, Alternate Static, Outside Air Temperature
What are the outputs for the ADC?
Airspeed, Vertical Speed, Altimeter
What is the AHRS?
Attitude and Heading Reference system
What are the inputs for the AHRS?
Magnetometer, 3 Gyroscopes
What are the outputs for the AHRS?
Heading indicator, attitude, turn coordinator
What are the Magnetic Compass Errors?
Deviation and Variation
UNOS and ANDS
When are forces equal?
Straight and level flight
Constant Airspeed Climb/Descent
How is lift created?
Bernoullis principle
Newtons 3rd law
What is Bernoullis principle?
Air moving over the curved upper surface of the wing will travel faster and thus produce less pressure than the slower air moving across the flatter underside of the wing.
What is Newtons 3rd law?
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What are the 2 types of drag?
Induced and Parasite
What is induced drag?
Byproduct of lift and induced decreases with more airspeed
When is Wake Turbulence at its strongest?
Heavy, clean, and slow
What is parasite drag?
Skin friction, like dirt or landing gear
Paradise drag increases with more airspeed
What is stability?
How well a plane returns to equilibrium
USE PICTURE FOR EXAMPLE
What is adverse yaw?
When turning to one side the airplane would want to yaw to the opposite
What are differential Ailerons?
When the ailerons move upwards and downwards at different heights to balance adverse yaw
What is load factor?
How much the wings are supporting expressed in G’s
What is the load factor is the DA-40?
+3.8 G’s -> -1.52 G’s
When does Load factor increase?
Climbing and turning while maintains straight and level flight
Does Load factor increase or decrease stall speed?
Increase stall speed
What is a stall?
Loss of lift caused by hitting critical angle of attack
How do you recover from a stall?
Decrease angle of attack
What is a spin?
When one wing is more stalled then the other, and it’s a condition of a stall
What is the spin recovery?
Throttle .. Idle Rudder .. Full opposite Elevator .. full forward Ailerons .. Neutral Flaps .. UP
When rotation stops:
Rudder .. neutral
Elevator .. pull carefully
Normal flight attitude
What are the left turning tenancies?
Torque
P-factor
Gyroscopic Precession
Spiraling Slipstream
What is torque?
The right turning direction of the engine and propeller forces the left side of the plane down towards the runway. The left tire has more friction with the ground than the right tire making your aircraft want to turn left.
What is P-factor?
The downward moving propeller blade takes a bigger bite of air than the upward moving blade
When is P-factor most prounouced?
When flying at high angle of attack
Taking off in a tailwind airplane
What is spiraling slipstream?
Happens when the prop is moving fast and the plane in moving slow like takeoff.
Air accelerated behind the prop goes into a corkscrew pattern and hits the left side of the aircraft tail creating a yaw motion.
What is Coriolis Force?
Move meant of weather due to the Earths rotation
What are the types of air masses?
mP (Maritime Polar) cP (Continental Polar) mT (Maritime Tropic) cT (Continental Tropic) cA (Continental Arctic)
What is a stationary front?
A front that is stationary with a mixture of cold/warm front weather
Doesn’t move much and affects local weather for days
What is an occluded front?
When cold air catches warm front
What are the 2 types of occluded front?
Cold front Occlusion
Warm front occlusion
What is a cold front occlusion?
Cold air from cold front is colder than the air below the warmer air
What is a warm front occlusion?
Where cold air under warm front is colder than cold air from cold front
Worse weather
What is humidity?
Percentage of moisture in the air
What are the types of fog?
Upslope
Radiation
Advection
Steam
What is upslope fog?
When fog forms after going up a mountain
What is radiation fog?
forms overnight as the air near the ground cools and stabilizes. When the cooling causes the air to reach saturation, fog will form
What is addiction fog?
Forms as warmer, moist air moves over a cold ground
What is steam fog?
AKA sea smoke
Forms when cold, dry air moves over warm water
What is stability? (weather)
How atmosphere resists vertical motioN
What are the lapse rates
WET: 1 degree C / 1000 feet
DRY: 3 degrees C / 1000 feet
What is condensation nuclei?
How rain/clouds form
Dirt int he middle of the particle
When can Icing happen?
0 degrees Celsius and visible moisture
What are the types of icing?
Clear
Rime
Mixed
What is clear icing?
Forms after impact when the remaining liquid flows over the aircraft and freezes smoothly
What is Rime icing?
Milky white ice that forms. Forms on the leading edge
What is common areas of wind shear?
Temperature inversions, fronts, thunderstorms
How long are AIRmets valid for?
6 hours
What are the different types of Airmets?
Sierra (IFR)
Zulu (Icing)
Tango (Turbulence)
How long are SIGmets good for?
Valid for 4 hours
How long are convective signets issued for?
2 hours
How can you update weather in flight?
FSS
ASOS/AWOS/ATIS
Visually
ATC
Best economy vs best power?
What is absolute altitude?
Altitude AGL
What is pressure altitude?
True altitude corrected for non standard pressure
What is density altitude?
True altitude corrected for non standard temperature
What is the preflight actions?
91.103
Notoms Weather Known ATC delYS Runway Distances Alternate airports Fuel requirements Takeoff/landing distances