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Commercial License > Strand 2 > Flashcards

Strand 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stability?

A

Ability of the aircraft to withstand any disturbances

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2
Q

What are the hazardous attitudes?

A

Resignation
Anti-authority
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho

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3
Q

What is the antidote for RESIGNATION?

A

I can make a difference

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4
Q

What is the antidote for ANTI-AUTHORITY?

A

Follow the rules, they are there for a reason.

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5
Q

What is the antidote for IMPULSIVITY?

A

Not so fast, think first.

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6
Q

What is the antidote for INVULNERABILITY?

A

It could happen to me.

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7
Q

What is the antidote for MACHO?

A

Taking chances is foolish.

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8
Q

What is the operational pitfall “Get-there-itis”?

A

Impairs pilot judgement through a fixation on the original goal or destination, combined with a disregard for any alternative course.

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9
Q

What is the operational pitfall “Duck-under syndrome”?

A

Pilot may be tempted to make it into a airport by descending below minimums during an approach

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10
Q

What is the operational pitfall “scud-running”?

A

Pilot tries to maintain visual contact with the terrain at low altitudes.

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11
Q

What is the operational pitfall “neglect of flight planning”?

A

May rely on memory, or familiar routes instead of established procedures/checklist.

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12
Q

What are the four forces of flight?

A

Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag

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13
Q

When are the four forces of flight equal?

A

During straight level and unaccelerated flight

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14
Q

What is lift?

A

Component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the relative wind

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15
Q

How is lift produced?

A

Newtons 3rd law and Bernoullis Principle

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16
Q

How can lift be manipulated?

A

Changes to the wing area, speed, and air density

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17
Q

What Is the lift equation?

A

(Lift coefficient x wing area x density altitude x TAS squared) divided by 2

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18
Q

What is Newtons 3rd law?

A

For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction

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19
Q

How does newtons third law relate to lift?

A

The downward motion behind the wing creates opposite reaction upward

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20
Q

What is Bernoullis principle?

A

As velocity of the fluid increases, fluid pressure decreases

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21
Q

How does Bernoulli’s principle help produce lift?

A

Air moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure causing an upward force on the wing

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22
Q

What is drag?

A

A rearward force caused by a disruption of airflow of airfoils

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23
Q

What are the types of drag?

A

Parasitic and Induced

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24
Q

What is induced drag?

A

Drag caused by the same factors that produce lift

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25
Q

What are the types of parasitic drag?

A

Form
Interference
Skin friction

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26
Q

What is form drag?

A

Drag comes from aircraft shape and airflow around it

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27
Q

What is interference drag?

A

Drag coming from intersection of airstreams such as the fuselage

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28
Q

What is skin friction drag?

A

Aerodynamic resistance due to moving air with the surface of the aircraft.

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29
Q

What is the lowest point of drag?

A

L/D Max aka Vglide

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30
Q

What are the primary flight controls?

A

Ailerons, elevator, rudder

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31
Q

What are the secondary flight controls?

A

Rudder and Trim

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32
Q

What axis does the ailerons control?

A

Lateral axis

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33
Q

What axis does the elevator control?

A

Lateral axis

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34
Q

What axis does the rudder control?

A

Vertical axis

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35
Q

How are the ailerons operated?

A

Control rods

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36
Q

How is the elevator operated?

A

Control rods

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37
Q

How is the rudder operated?

A

Cable

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38
Q

How are the flaps operated?

A

Electronically operated control rods

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39
Q

How is the trim controlled?

A

Bowden cable

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40
Q

What is ADM?

A

A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

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41
Q

What process would you use for ADM?

A

3 P’s (Perceive, Process, Perform)

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42
Q

How would you perceive the hazard?

A

PAVE

Pilots
Aircraft
enVironment
External pressure

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43
Q

How would you process/evaluate the hazard?

A

CARE

Consequences
Alternatives
Reality
External pressures

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44
Q

How would you perform/implement risks?

A

TEAM

Transfer
Eliminate
Accept
Mitigate

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45
Q

What is maneuverability?

A

Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses imposed upon it

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46
Q

What is controllability?

A

Measure of the response relative to the pilots flight control inputs

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47
Q

What is adverse yaw?

A

Condition where the nose tends to yaw toward the outside of the turn. This is cause by the higher induced drag on the outside wing which is also producing more lift.

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48
Q

What tool can help adverse yaw?

A

Differential ailerons

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49
Q

What is the force “Weight”?

A

Force exerted by an aircraft from the pull of gravity

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50
Q

What is the force thrust?

A

Forward aerodynamic force produced by the prep or turbojet engine as it forces air to the rear behind the aircraft

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51
Q

What is a stall?

A

Rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wings surface, brought on by exceeding critical angle of attack. Stall can occur at any attitude or pitch

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52
Q

What are some stall indications?

A

Stall warning horn
Mushy controls
Buffeting
Unarrested Descent

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53
Q

What is static stability?

A

Initial tendency of the aircraft once disturbed

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54
Q

What is a characteristic of positive static stability?

A

Eventually settles

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55
Q

What is a characteristic is neutral static stability?

A

Continues in that direction

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56
Q

What is a characteristic of negative static stability?

A

Condition worsens

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57
Q

What is dynamic stability?

A

Tendency of the aircraft over time

Must have positive static stability

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58
Q

What are the left turning tendencies?

A

P Factor
Gyroscopic Precession
Torque
Slipstream

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59
Q

What is P Factor?

A

Descending blade has a higher angle of attack therefore increased thrust

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60
Q

What is gyroscopic precession?

A

Felt 90° of the location, in direction of rotation. More relevant in tailwheel planes. The pull on the right side of the propeller creates yaw to the left

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61
Q

What is Torque?

A

Generated when the clockwise rotation of the prop gets the plane to want to rotate counter-clockwise. Greatest at high airspeeds with high power settings and high angle of attack

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62
Q

What is slipstream?

A

Corkscrew wing from the prop strikes the tail on the left side

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63
Q

What is load factor?

A

Ratio of lift being produced by the wings compared to the aircraft weight expressed in Gs.

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64
Q

What is the load factor of the DA-40?

A

Va: 3.8 to -1.52
Vne: 3.8 to 0
Flaps T/O: 2.0 to ???

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65
Q

What is the load factor equation?

A

Load factor = lift/weight

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66
Q

What is a spin?

A

Aggravated stall, when 1 wing is stalled more than the other

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67
Q

What are the recovery procedures of a stall?

A

Power: Idle
Rudder: full opposite
Ailerons: Neutral
Elevator: Full forward

Rotation stops…

Rudder: neutral
Elevator: Pull carefully

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68
Q

What are the maneuvering speeds?

A

Below 2646 lbs = 111 KIAS
Below 2284 lbs = 94 KIAS

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69
Q

What stability controls pitch?

A

Longitudinal stability

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70
Q

What stability controls roll?

A

Lateral stability

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71
Q

What stability controls yaw?

A

Vertical stability

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72
Q

What is CG?

A

Meeting point of all 3 axis

Tie an airplane to a string and it should be balanced

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73
Q

What is an accident?

A

Any person suffers death, serious injury, or aircraft is substantially damaged

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74
Q

What is an incident?

A

Occurrence other than an accident that may affect safety of operations

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75
Q

What is a serious injury?

A

Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours within 7 days of the incident

76
Q

Who would file a report to NTSB?

A

Operator

77
Q

How is the elevator controlled?

A

Steel push rods

78
Q

What is the elevators build?

A

GFRP and sandwich construction

79
Q

What is the rudders build?

A

GFRP and sandwich construction

80
Q

What is the airframe made of?

A

GFRP

81
Q

What is the construction for the airframe?

A

Semi-monocoque molded construction

Formers and stringers

82
Q

What are the wings made of?

A

GFRP/CFRP

83
Q

What are inside the wings?

A

Front and rear spar

84
Q

What is the construction of the wings?

A

Sandwich construction

85
Q

What is the empennage made of?

A

GFRP

86
Q

What is the construction of the empennage?

A

Semi-monocoque construction

87
Q

What type of tail does the DA-40 have?

A

T-tail

88
Q

What construction is the rudder and elevator?

A

Sandwich construction

89
Q

How is the Rudder operated?

A

Steel cables

90
Q

How does the heater work?

A

Air inlet to space around the exhaust to the cabin

91
Q

What is a risk to having the heater on?

A

Exhaust leaky cause CO2 poisoning

92
Q

What are some actions that require immediate notification to the NTSB?

A

Aircraft accident
Flight control system malfunction/failure
Flight crew members unable to perform duties due to injury
In-flight fire
Aircraft collision in flight
Damage to property over $25,000
Runway incursions (Air Carrier)

93
Q

When does a report need to be turned into NTSB?

A

10 days of accident, or as requested for incident

94
Q

What is a bell crack?

A

Pivot point around a corner

95
Q

What is the construction of the ailerons?

A

GFRP/CFRP sandwich

96
Q

When should you open alternate air?

A

When intake is blocked, or engine has no air

97
Q

How is the DA-40 ventilated?

A

From air inlets on the outside of the plane and controlled by twist knobs to control air flow

98
Q

What engine do we have?

A

Lycoming-IO-360-M1A

99
Q

How many cylinders are there?

A

4 cylinders

100
Q

How many spark plugs are there?

A

8 spark plugs, 4 for each magneto

101
Q

How is the engine opposed?

A

Horizontally

102
Q

How big is the engine?

A

361 cubic inches

103
Q

What are the 4 strokes in the engine?

A

Intake
Compression
Combustion
Exhaust

104
Q

What is the HP of our engine?

A

180 HP @ 2700 RPM (sea level + ISA)
160 HP @ 2400 RPM (sea level + ISA)

105
Q

What is a fuel injected system?

A

It uses a fuel pump to push fuel through a metering system. Then, the fuel flows through injector lines to each cylinder

106
Q

What is a downfall of fuel injected system?

A

Fuel can vaporize on hot days

107
Q

What is a downfall of a carburetor?

A

Carburator Icing

108
Q

What is carburetor icing?

A

Air expansion and fuel evaporation in the venturi of the carburetor which can happen in high humidity and between 20-70 degrees Fahrenheit

109
Q

How would you be able to tell if you got carburetor icing?

A

Fixed pitch: RPM drop
Constant speed: Manifold pressure drop

110
Q

Do we have a wet sump or dry sump oil system?

A

Wet sump

111
Q

What is a wet sump?

A

Oil pump takes oil from sump to moving parts in the engine

112
Q

What is a dry sump?

A

Oil is stores in a separate tank which oil pumps must take to different parts of the engine

113
Q

What is the point of a fuel tank vent?

A

Prevents tank from crumbling

114
Q

What is an oil breather tube?

A

Prevents oil tank from crumbling

115
Q

What fuel does the engine take?

A

100, 100LL, unleaded

116
Q

What color would show if you mixed fuel?

A

Clear

117
Q

What color is 100LL?

A

Blue

118
Q

What color is 100?

A

Green

119
Q

What is a Volt?

A

Reading of electrical potential energy

120
Q

What is an Amp?

A

Amount of energy being used

121
Q

What are the 4 systems of the electrical system?

A

Power generation
Storage
Distribution
Consumers

122
Q

How many volts can we carry?

A

28 volts

123
Q

How many amps can we carry?

A

24 Amps

124
Q

How is electrical power distributed?

A

Busses

125
Q

What will be powered with the emergency switch on?

A

Attitude Gyro
Flood lights

1.5 hours

126
Q

What does the voltmeter display?

A

Potential for the main bus

127
Q

What does the ammeter show?

A

Current with what the alternator is being loaded

128
Q

When does stall warning horn go off?

A

5-10 knots before stall speed

129
Q

How does the landing gear work on the DA-40?

A

Main landing gear sprung steel struts with a free-catering nose wheel sprung by an elastomer package

130
Q

How do brakes work on the DA-40?

A

Hydraulically operated on the main landing gear by toe pedals

131
Q

How is the canopy secured?

A

Steel bolts lock into mating holes in polyethylene blocks

132
Q

What happens to the prop during High RPM?

A

Fine pitch

133
Q

What happens to the prop during Low RPM?

A

Coarse pitch

134
Q

How many fuel pumps are there?

A

1 mechanical and 1 electrical

135
Q

What is the capacity of standard fuel tanks?

A

40 (20 + 20)

136
Q

What is the capacity of the long range tanks?

A

50 (25 + 25)

137
Q

What is AFCS?

A

Auto Flight Control System

138
Q

What can maximize lateral stability?

A

Dihedral
Keel Effect
Sweptback Wings

139
Q

What can maximize directional stability?

A

Tall vertical stab

140
Q

What can maximize longitudinal stability

A

Fwd CG

141
Q

What is the operating range for the oil temp?

A

149-230 F

142
Q

What is the operating range for the CHT?

A

150-475 F

143
Q

What is the operating range for the Oil pressure?

A

56-95 PSI

144
Q

What is the operating range for the fuel pressure?

A

14-35 PSI

145
Q

What is the operating range for the fuel flow?

A

1-20 GPH

146
Q

What is the operating range for the volts?

A

25.1 - 30V

147
Q

What is the operating range for the amps?

A

2 - 75 Amps

148
Q

What is indicated altitude?

A

Altitude read directly from the altimeter with correct altimeter settings

149
Q

What is Pressure altitude?

A

Altitude above standard 29.92 plane

150
Q

What is Density altitude?

A

Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature

151
Q

What is true altitude?

A

vertical distance above sea level

152
Q

What is absolute altitude?

A

Distance between airplane and ground

153
Q

What are the required documents?

A

Pilot certificate
Medical certificate
Government issued ID

154
Q

What are the aircraft inspections?

A

Annual
VOR (30 days)
Inspections (phase, whatever)
AD’s
Transponder (24 months)
E.L.T. (12 months)
Static system (24 months)

155
Q

What is ISA?

A

15 Celsius
29.92 “HG
1013.25 mb
Sea level

156
Q

What are the lapse rates?

A

Std: 2 Celcius/1000 ft.
Wet: 1 Celcius/1000 ft.
Dry: 3 celcius/1000 ft.

157
Q

What is indicated airspeed?

A

Airspeed uncorrected for instrument + position errors

158
Q

What is TAS?

A

Actual airspeed of plane flying through air

159
Q

What is ground speed?

A

Speed over the ground

160
Q

What is CAS?

A

IAS corrected for portion and instrument errors

161
Q

What is EAS?

A

Over 200 knots and corrected for pressure air in front of pitot tube

162
Q

What are the aircraft req’d documents?

A

Airworthiness certificate (no expire)
Registration (3 years)
Radio License (int’l only)
Operators manual
Weight and Balance

163
Q

ATOMATOFLAMES?

A

Airspeed indicator
Tachometer
Oil Pressure gauge
Manifold pressure
Altimeter
Temperature gauge
Oil temp gauge
Fuel Gauge
Landing gear position indicator
Anti-collision lights
Magnetic compass
E.L.T
Safety belts

164
Q

FLAPS?

A

Fuses
Landing lights
Anti-collision lights
Position lights
Source of energy

165
Q

GRABCARDD?

A

Generator
Radio
Altimeter
Ball
Clock
Attitude coordinator
Rate of Turn
Directional Gyro
DME (Above 250)

166
Q

How does high DA affect power?

A

Engine takes less air

167
Q

How does high DA affect thrust?

A

Prop less efficient

168
Q

How does high DA affect Lift?

A

Thin air exerts left lift on airfoils

169
Q

What factors affects aircraft performance?

A

Aircraft weight
Atmospheric conditions
Runway environment

170
Q

What would FWD CG do?

A

Increase longitudinal stability
Lower cruise speed
High stall speed

171
Q

What would AFT CG do?

A

Decrease longitudinal stability
Higher cruise speed
Lower stall speed

172
Q

Vso?

A

Stall speed landing configuration

173
Q

Vs1?

A

Stall speed specified configuration

174
Q

Vy?

A

Best rate of climb

175
Q

Vx?

A

Best angle of climb

176
Q

Vle?

A

Max speed which landing gear may be extended

177
Q

Vlo?

A

Max speed where landing gear can be extended/retracted

178
Q

Vfe?

A

Max. flaps extended speed

179
Q

Va?

A

Max speed where limit load can be imposed w/o structural damage

180
Q

Vno?

A

Max. Structural cruising speed

181
Q

Vne?

A

Never exceed speed

182
Q

What is the process for inop equipment?

A

Remove from aircraft/deactivate
Placard
Record in maintenance log
Pilot determines is safe to fly

183
Q

What is a minimum equipment list?

A

List of items that must be operable to operate.

Approved by FAA

184
Q

What is a special flight permit?

A

Allows plane to fly with dysfunctional equipment

Issued by local FSDO

Must be displayed in plane

185
Q

What does FSDO stand for?

A

Flight standards District office

Commercial License (3 decks)

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