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soc 225- midterm 2 > Strain Theory > Flashcards

Strain Theory Flashcards

1
Q

2 Elements of anomie theory

A
  1. certain level of deviance is functional

2. beyond a certain level, deviance is dysfunctional = anomie

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2
Q

define anomie

A

sense of normlessness

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3
Q

why is a certain level of deviance functional?

A
  1. increases social solidarity
  2. helps determine moral boundaries
  3. tests society’s boundaries
  4. reduces societal tensions (speak out against deviance/crime to decrease tension)
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4
Q

why is social solidarity essential?

A

gives rise to shared goals that lead to a set of shared norms

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5
Q

when can social solidarity break down?

A

during times of rapid social change, where no clear societal norms/values are established = ANOMIE.
ie industrial revolution

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6
Q

why is industrial revolution example of anomie?

A

more manufacturing, needed more immigrants to fill jobs.

immigrants with own values + norms =/= american values + norms -> individualism in society.

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7
Q

what happens to society without norms?

A

society functions poorly

- social cohesion breaks down, social isolation is great, loses traditional social control mechanisms.

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8
Q

what happens to social system in a state of anomie?

A
  • no common values + meanings
  • new values + meanings have not developed
    = high crime rates
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9
Q

Merton’s Anomie/Strain Theory

  • where does deviance come from?
  • criticism of anomie?
  • re-define anomie?
A
  • deviance emerges from structure of society, not just from individual
  • if anomie was widespread, why wasnt crime widespread?
  • anomie: dysfunction between institutionalized goals + legitimate means
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10
Q

3 elements of Merton’s anomie definition

A
  • goals > means (be rich, powerful regardless of how u get there)
  • goals are culturally prescribed (american dream, sold a certian life)
  • legitimate means are socially structured (not evenly distributed in society; easier when raised in wealthier family)
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11
Q

define strain?

  • from where?

- results?

A

normative social order creates unequal access to legitimate means

  • from gap btw goals + legitimate means
  • results in innovation
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12
Q

define micro-anomie

A

individual is in state of anomie, places more emphasis on self-interest than collective values

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13
Q

anomie as deprivation?

A

not about normlessness, but relative deprivation (deprived compared to others)

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14
Q

what is absolute deprivation?

A

cannot provide basic necessities of life.

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15
Q

Merton’s 5 Models of Adaptation

A 
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
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16
Q

Conformity: cultural goals; institutional means; criminal. Accepts or Rejects?

A

culture : accept

means: accept
criminal: NO

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17
Q

Innovation: cultural goals; institutional means; criminal. Accepts or Rejects?

A

culture: accept
means: reject
criminal: YES

18
Q

Ritualism: cultural goals; institutional means; criminal. Accepts or Rejects?

A

culture: reject
means: accept
criminal: NO

19
Q

Retreatism: cultural goals; institutional means; criminal. Accepts or Rejects?

A

culture: reject
means: reject
criminal YES

20
Q

Rebellion: cultural goals; institutional means; criminal. Accepts or Rejects?

A

culture: rejects + tries to replace
means: rejects and tries to replace
criminal: YES

21
Q

Differential Opportunity Theory

A
  • how society is structured results in differential access to legitimate opportunities & differential access to illigitimate opportunities
22
Q

music examples of straing theory

A
  • rockstar, nickelback
  • biggie smalls
  • lose yourself, eminem
  • started from the bottom, drake
  • misconceptions, went from poor to illegitimate means before they got big. now living american dream*
23
Q

what is Agnew’s General Strain Theory

A
  • address the shortcomings of the original anomie-strain theory ( couldn’t account for rich, white criminals)
  • diff sources of strain in diff groups
  • teen strain = immediate sources: image, popularity, trouble with parents
    • if don’t get away from these strains = crime + deviance
24
Q

subcultural development as a result of strain

- why?

A
  • lower-class males in gangs had similar aspirations as middle/upper-class males, found unable to compete successfully for social status.
    = status deprivation
  • reject unattainable goals + replace with unconventional, attainable goals
25
Q

strain in regent park toronto

  • rap group
  • changes in the area
A

physical minorities, young people, neighbourhood kids, lower SES

  • many in the community loved the group, even tho they were involved in crime/gangs
  • gentrified, revilatilized. trying to create change, many in uni, many dead bc involved in crime.
26
Q

what is agency?

A

actor is embodied unit and can choose to intervene into ongoing sequence of events

  • person is agent with causal powers: actions are voluntary
  • person could have acted otherwise
  • conception of the agent ties agency to power
27
Q

what is structure vs agency debate?

A

why 2 people in same/similar situation choose different things.
- individual? or system?

28
Q

what is structure?

A
  • social/economic/political context in which action occurs.
  • human actor is NOT ultimate social reality: situated human actor. social system have influence
  • specific conditions produce human actions/behaviour
  • individuals act as a result + through constraints and structures in which they exist.
29
Q

Anderson’s Code of the Street

A
  • barriers to participate in mainstream society persist for young black males
  • lack of opportunity for legitimate employment = strain = crime, gangs etc.
  • code of street involves toughness + demand for respect
  • provides rules for keeping others safe. can increase violence, but makes rules on WHEN violence should occur
30
Q

street code in regent park

A
  • major criminals ran the block, where respected, communicated with the individuals.
  • pushed out of neighbourhood, so young guys took over.
  • didn’t know street code = problematic - dont share beef to protect everyone, brought violence into backyards.
31
Q

self-enhancing vs self-transcending

A

enhance: emphasize social status, prestige, dominance over others, personal success
transcend: emphasize appreciation, tolerance, protection, welfare

32
Q

self-enhance/transcend - when does crime happen?

A

self-transcending are low and self-enhancing are high.

  • individual > collective
  • male more likely to have individual > collective.
33
Q

suicide in communities

A

suicide + crime/deviance are inhibited in cohesive, collective thinking communities.
more social cohesion = more inhibited from suicide + crime

34
Q

criticism of Merton’s anomie

A

is not psychological or social, properties of social structures.
- Merton would predict that emphasis on monetary success + underemphasis of legit means = high rates of crimes

35
Q

subculture of power abuse

- how to reduce?

A
  • lack of enforcement on white-collar crime enables it.
  • reducing unethical behaviour could reduce ALL crime: target immoral acts, use legislation + enforcement, teach in family, pay more attention to crimes of powerful
36
Q

strain more likely to lead to delinquency if has certain characteristics

A
  1. high in magnitude
  2. unjust
  3. linked to low social control
  4. if crime pays off
  5. if resolved through contact with ppl involved in crime
37
Q

3 responses to strain that could lead to joining a gang.subculture

A

criminal: barriers - where to sell property
conflict: means of attaining status: barriers here, fighting, courage, bravery, good rep
retreatist: using drugs, practically no barriers

38
Q

how control theory, differential association theory and strain theory complement each other

A
  1. learning theory explain delinquency by positive relations with deviant others
  2. social control: delinquency occurs when juveniles have little-to attachment/social bond to others
  3. agnew’s strain: emphasize negative relations and experiences beyond their control lead juveniles to delinquency
  4. all three reinfforce each other
39
Q

greater class mix + reduction of crime?

A

advantage for those with power to segregate

- advantage for all of society to increase residential heterogeneity.

40
Q

policy implementations?

A

not temp jobs
make opportunities for lower class
gov’t institutions that alleviate strain
reintegrative shame > disintegrative shame = rehab + cbt > prison

soc 225- midterm 2 (5 decks)

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