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Soc 225- Midterm 2 > Psychology and Crime > Flashcards

Psychology and Crime Flashcards

- lecture - schizophrenia talk - textbook: Ch9

1
Q

Mental Health Continuum

A

severity of illness can change over time, pass through various stages of mental illness. not one state of illness all the time. every individual has diff degree of severity

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2
Q

Ashley Smith Case

A
  • pre-teen sent to youth detention centre
  • minor deviance, appeared in court 14 times. found no evidence of mental illness
  • then diagnosed with ADHD, narcissistic personality traits.
  • sentenced to 4 years, went thru many provinces + transfers.
  • she choked herself to death in her cell, while being monitored
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3
Q

prevalence of mental health in canada

  • have disorder
  • know someone with disorder
A
  • 20% have
  • 80% know someone with a disorder
  • 50% of ppl experience mental disorder by 40 yoa, 65-70% experience by 90 yoa.
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4
Q

world wide prevalence of mental health

A

450 million affected

- 1/3 of all disabilities

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5
Q

Old view of crime + mental illness

A

crime was a symptom of mental illness

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6
Q

prevalence of mental disorder in correctional facilities

A
  • greater than general population.
  • most inmates have substantial mental health needs
  • many have co-occurring disorders; subs abuse is a huge one - v hazardous
  • deinstitutionalization movement may be related
  • mental disorder may be lower in prisons than in jails
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7
Q

studies on inmates + mental illness

A

bc: 30% of inmates with mental illness, 12% with psychotic disorder

other:
40% of incoming males had symptoms of mental illness - double since 1990.
- under-reported bc stigma
- inmates face victimization bc of it

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8
Q

mental health care system + criminal justice system - relationship

A

hydraulic. as one increases, the other decreases

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9
Q

mentally disordered inmates are more likely to? (4)

A
  1. be disruptive
  2. commit suicide or self harm
  3. be victimized
  4. be institutionally maladjusted
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10
Q

mental disorder + CJS

  • police contact
  • predictor of violence?
  • combatting mental disorder + criminality?
A
  • 40% of police contact with individuals with mental health issues was for non-criminal behaviour
  • NOT a good predictor of violence, good predictor of violent victimization
  • combat mental disorder is similar to desist from criminality (housing, employment, social support)
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11
Q

Vincent Li

A

Greyhound bus beheading
- NCRMD
– onus to prove on accused. risky because agreeing to guilt.
- only 9% of the 1% of NCRMD were violent
-

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12
Q

recidivism of NCRMD

A

17% of recidivism for ncrmd after 3 years of release. recidivism of violent crime ~0.
- 35% recidivism rate in general population.

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13
Q

what is the deinstitutionalization movement?

A

closing of mental institutions to treat in community.
pushed for treatment within communities rather than institutions
- no community services were increased = few options to deal with mentally ill, so they go to jail/prison
- mentally ill more likely to be arrested than non-mentally ill, NOT for more serious crime tho.

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14
Q

best approach for mentally ill

A

medication + support

  • need community care.
  • many have fallen through the cracks
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15
Q

nimby:

A

not in my backyard.

  • place services in disadvantaged because don’t want nearby.
  • greater political strength, money + unity to keep services out of richer neighbourhoods.
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16
Q

psychological vs sociological theories of crime

A

socio: explain society, large group. miss individualistic perspectivve
psych: explains individual behaviour but not social interactions.

complement

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17
Q

psych focus of criminality?

A

personality or learning that affect behaviour

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18
Q

2 assumptions that most psych theories have?

A
  1. assumption of offender deficit

2. assumption of discriminating traits

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19
Q

effective deinstitutionalization needs 4 things?

A
  1. supportive family network
  2. an accepting community
  3. adequate community resources
  4. a place to live
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20
Q

when effective deinstitutionalization is inefficient can lead to? (2)

A
  1. homelessness: 25-50% of homeless have mental disorders

2. criminality: 700 mental health beds in cjs + 1500 who require care

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21
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality (3)

A

id: biological drives. act on pleasure principle.
ego: direct impulse of id; reality tester. act on reality principle.
superego: conscience; moral compass, values

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22
Q

psychoanalytic theory and crime

A

crime results when ego + superego are unable to control the id.

  • caused by failure to pass thru early stages of development
  • superego is inadequately developed/deficient = antisocial behaviour
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23
Q

theories of moral development

A

Piaget

  • criminal behavior understood by focusing on how we develop a sense of morality + responsibility
  • learned in stages, parallels cognitive abilities
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24
Q

3 stages of kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A
  1. preconventional: egocentric
  2. conventional: social expectations (adult/teen years)
  3. Postconventional: universality - hard to attain; what’s best for all, not just me.
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25
Q

according to kohlberg’s theory of moral development at what stage does crime occur?

A

stuck at egocentric, preconventional level.

- stuck thinking about one’s own desires.

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26
Q

social learning theory: central concept?

A

based on cognitive functioning and learning through modelling.
- look at how enviro influences; learn from others’ mistakes.

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27
Q

what is cognitive functioning?

A

the ability to think + make choices

28
Q

what is modelling?

A

vicarious learning by watching others

29
Q

according to Bandura, aggression is learned from 3 sources

A
  1. family
  2. subcultural influences * most influential*
  3. symbolic modelling
30
Q

what is the Bobo doll study?

A

observing aggressive behaviour influences children to act aggressively, even in novel ways.

31
Q

Operant Conditioning Theory

A

B.F. Skinner

  • rewards + punishments increase the probability of a given response.
    reward: reinforce; punishment:weaken
32
Q

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

A

how personality characteristics are related to criminal behaviour

33
Q

3 dimensions of personality: re: Eysenck’s personality theory

A

extraversion(introversion)
neuroticism (stability)
psychoticism

34
Q

re: Eysenck’s personality theory, what type of person is more likely to be delinquent/criminal?

A

extraverted, neurotic, psychotic.

- lack empathy, aggressive.

35
Q

delinquents/criminals + conditioned response?

A

DO NOT develop conditioned response to punishment

36
Q

two major omissions in assumptions of psych theories?

A
  1. little emphasis on strengths of offenders.

2. ignore importance of situational and environmental factors for individual behaviour

37
Q

criticism of classification of criminals vs non-criminals

A

criminal behaviour is pervasive, therefore unreliable to classify.

38
Q

motivation to commit delinquent acts?

A

desire for material goods or need for excitement.

39
Q

community psychology

A

perspective that analyzes social problems, including crime, as largely a product of organizational and institutional characteristics of society.
- closely related to sociology

40
Q

four levels of analysis

A
  1. individual level (deficit)
  2. small-group level (problem in group fxn)
  3. organizational level (not accomplished what it’s designed to)
  4. institutional/ community level (social problems created by institutions rather than by persons, groups, organizations)
41
Q

5 extra interpretations of criminal behaviour that can be derived from psychoanalytic theory

A
  1. form of neurosis
  2. sufffers from need for punishment in order to alleviate guilt feelings + anxiety from unconscious
  3. means of obtaining substitude gratification of needs + desires not met inside the family
  4. due to traumatic events whose memory has been repressed
  5. expression of displaced hostility.
42
Q

criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral devleopment

A

in favour of males
- females: care-oriented; males:justice-oriented ~ postconventional level. not as many women get there.
“goodness of women” as deemed by society = decifient in moral development

43
Q

evaluation of moral development + criminality

A

moral reasoning does play a role. more research needs to be done but, we know situation + other factors are v important too

44
Q

evaluation of Eysenck’s personality theory + criminality

A

criminals =/= high extravert, neuroticism. but criminals tend to be score high on psychoticism.
- circular reasoning

45
Q

two forms of deterrence

A

direct ( discourage current transgressor)

vicarious ( general deterrent to others)

46
Q

three major sources of deterrence against criminal activity

A 
legal sanction (legal consequences)
social sanctions (negative social consequences that criminal stigmatization can have)
self-sanctions ( self-imposed moral standards)
47
Q

what is a group home?

A

reinforcing environment designed to change existing behavioural interactions in the direction of functional and pro-social skills.

  • emphasis on learning social and family life skills.
  • token economy: rewards + punishments for behaviour
48
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder

A

pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.

49
Q

theory about antisocial personality disorder

A

do not learn from negative experiences because do not get anxious from circumstances that should elicit anxiety.

50
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A

treatable brain disorder than can affect a person’s perception, behaviour, thought patterns, and ability to manage emotions.

51
Q

impact if schizophrenia is untreated?

A

self-care, family + social relationships, education, employment + housing.

52
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A

negative/passive = something taken away, lack of motivation, emotional withdrawal, apathy etc.

positive/active = something added. hallucinations, delusions, excitability

53
Q

treatment of schizophrenia

A

drug treatment, medial attention.

54
Q

what is psychosis

A

loss of contact with external reality.

55
Q

onset of schizophrenia

A

late teen/early 20’s.

  • sometimes early adolescence
  • unknown cause, may have to do with marijuana, family history.
56
Q

misconceptions/myths re: schizophrenia

A

not multiple personality
not violent
– huge stigma against
– meds may take time to get right; lots of side effects

57
Q

what is anosognosia?

A

self-awareness deficit. lack of insight

58
Q

what is schizo-affective disorder?

A

schizophrenia with major mood disorder ( depression or bipolar)

59
Q

how to interact with someone with psychosis

A
  • decrease distraction
  • one person speaks at a time
  • talk slow, simple + repeat exactly
  • dont: argue with experience, challenge, raise voice.
60
Q

recovery of schizophrenia/psychosis

A
  • medication
  • therapy: CBT
  • support + educational programs
  • love, friendship + acceptance
61
Q

conclusions from existing brain imaging research on psychopathy

A
  • little done bc think its complex
  • basic research required
  • questions about specific brain impairments + far from being answered.
  • not all psychopaths are violent or impulsive tho.
62
Q

anatomical impairments re: psychopathy

A
  1. PFC (low arousal, fearless, impulsive, disinhibited)
  2. hippocampus (dysregulation in affect + fear)
  3. amygdala (reduction in individual’s responsiveness to sadness + fear of potential victims)
63
Q

self-reported psychopathy study

A

demographic: mostly college educated, 2/3 had one arrest, conviction was low altho charges were felonies.
- highly extraverted + neurotic (consistent with Eysenck)
- MMPI: matched psychopathy + manic profiles.
- must avoid using incarcerated population for psychopathy/antisocial studies bc there can be success stories.

64
Q

psychopaths in the work place

- should be obvious that they’re psychopaths = dont hire, but that’s not the case. why? (4)

A
  1. psychopaths = social manipulators.
  2. traits may appear as leadership + management
  3. corporations hire those who “stir things up” + create quick change.
  4. decreased constraints + accountability in fast-paced business = inviting to psychopaths
65
Q

psychopathy + criminality

A

psychopathy identifies those who committed past offences + predicts future criminality.

66
Q

treatment for psychopathy

A

no effective treatments exist

-

67
Q

recidivism of mentally-ill offenders?

A

lower than other offenders.

  • antisocial personality disorder is most likely to reoffend out of the mental disorders
  • previous custody may predict violent recidivism.

Soc 225- Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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