Stones Flashcards
1
Q
Epidemiology
A
2% of population
80% calcium oxalate and phosphate
2
Q
Causes
A
Commonly unknown Dehydration Hypercalciuria Hyperparathyroid Hyperthyroid Hyperoxaluria UTI Loop diruetics Antacids
3
Q
Clinical features
A
May be asymptomatic FH PH Waves of increasing pain in the loin Radiates to groin/testicle Vomiting Restless Tender and guarding
4
Q
Investigations
A
Urine:
- culture and sensitivity
- pH
- cystine screening
Bloods:
- u and e
- cr
- protein
- ca2+
- alp
- uric acid
Imaging:
- plain Abdo x Ray
- x ray KUB
- CT KUB
5
Q
Management
A
Asymptomatic- leave Acute: -IV/rectal diclofenac -antispasmodics - low ca diet
Ureteric
- look out for infection
- emergency percutanous nephrostomy or stent
- basket
- shock wave lithotripsy
- laser
6
Q
Indications for surgery
A
Fever doesn’t resolve 24h after antibiotics
Nephrostomy
7
Q
Bladder stones causes
A
5% of urinary stones
Bladder outflow obstruction -> stasis
Infection
Forgein body
8
Q
Bladder stones clinical features
A
Mostly asymptomatic Pain particularly on physical exertion Uretic colic if causes blockage Haematuria Infection
Residence in hot country
Vit D consumption
Gouty arthritis
