STM & LTM Memory

Question 1

What is the process of memory?

Answer 1

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 2

what is encoding memory

Answer 2

putting info into a for to fit with your personal system; you can’t code something you weren’t paying attention to

Question 3

what is the function of storing memory

Answer 3

to maintain endocded info in either STM or LTM

Question 4

what is retrieving memory

Answer 4

getting info back from LTM to use in working memory

Question 5

What is the Multistore model of memory and who suggested it

and what year

Answer 5

suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
1. sensory
2. short term
3. long term

Question 6

what is sensory memory

Answer 6

info in the environment that is received by our sense

Question 7

what are the functions of sensory memory

Answer 7

1. prevents us form being overwhelmed with stimulus - we filter it to what we pay attention to
2. the rapid decay of sensory info allows us to constantly be receiving new incoming info
3. allows us to perceive the world as smooth and ongoing

Question 8

sensory memory

what is iconic memory - duration and capacity

Answer 8

visual memory (of sensory memory)
duration: 0.3 seconds
capacity: unlimited - this allows us to see and make sense of the world

Question 9

sensory memory

what is echoic memory - duration and capacity

Answer 9

auditory memory - hearing
duration: 3-4 secs
capacity: unlimited - this allows to retain the sounds of words long enough to understand the whole phrase that has been spoken

Question 10

what is short term memory

Answer 10

receives info from both sensory and long-term memory stores

Question 11

what is short term memory - duration and capacity

Answer 11

duration: 12-30 seconds
Capacity: 5-9 pieces of info
–> trying to remember more than 9 things in more than 30 secs STM is unreliable

Question 12

what is maintenance rehearsal

Answer 12

used to retain info in STM by repeating info over and over to stay in STM but is usually transferred into LTM

Question 13

what is elaborative rehearsal

Answer 13

Gives meaning to info and links to other info in our memory to give it a personal meaning

Question 14

what is chunking

Answer 14

grouping items together to improve memory capacity - allows the info to occupy each of those spaces more clearly in memory

Question 15

what is mnemonics

Answer 15

a strategy that can be used to strengthen memory - visualisation, rhythm and rhyme

Question 16

what is the method of loci

Answer 16

uses spatial memory to aid in quickly recalling info - sherlock holmes’ memory palace

Question 17

what is SQ4R

Answer 17

survey, question, read, recite, relate and review

a guide on how to study well

Question 18

what is long term memory

Answer 18

encoded info that is retrievable (as long as you know about it) and is encoded by its meaning and stored in semantic memory - to make sense of the world

Question 19

what is long term memory - duration and capacity

Answer 19

difficult to know the full duration or capacity in LTM as many people have a stronger memory so they can retain and retrieve info more readily

Question 20

how to retreive info from LTM

Answer 20

Retrieval cues can help previously forgotten memories to suddenly return, a mental reminder/prompt to aid recollection

Question 21

What is procedural memory

Answer 21

it is the “How To” memories which occur after practising tasks, skills or actions - IMPLICIT

Question 22

what is declarative memory

Answer 22

facts, events and/or general knowledge - can be further split into:
1. epidoic memory
2. semantic memory

explicit

Question 23

what is episodic memory

Answer 23

personalised memories of events - autobiographical memory, to reminding yourself to do something in the future

Question 24

what is semantic memory

Answer 24

memories of facts and knowledge

Question 25

define explicit memory

Answer 25

a conscious retrieval of memory - recall and recognition of facts, names and events - declarative memory

Question 26

define implicit memory

Answer 26

unconscious retrieval of memory - skills and movements that first need to be practised - procedural

Question 27

# long term memory what are the different working models of memory | braddeley and hitch 1974

Answer 27

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive and episodic buffer

Question 28

what is the purpose of phonological loop | where does it stand

Answer 28

a storage system for auditory info, recieves info from echoic sensory and retains sounds long enough to understand them - inner ear and inner voice

Question 29

what is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 29

storage system for visual info in STM, allows us to see/keep an image in our minds as we process other things | functions differently between different people

Question 30

what is the function of the central executive | include inhibiting, switich and updating

Answer 30

responsible for switching attention from one task to another; it decides what goes into or out of the LTM by using inhibiting, switiching and updating methods to organse and make big decisions

Question 31

what is the function of the episodic buffer

Answer 31

acts as a bridge and filter between LTM and central executive and storage components

Question 32

what are the strengths of the working model of memory | evaluate

Answer 32

ability to store and actively process info simultaneously, a lot of suppporting research on the WMM --> supports real life experiences when usuing visual info to remember explains a wider range of tasks - verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing episodic buffer explains how we time order memories of events

Question 33

what are the limitations to the working model of memory

Answer 33

the CE is the most important but we dont have direct/enough research on it eppisodic buffer not yet well understood most research eprformed in lab - reduced eco validiity not a lot of research because its difficult to research cognitive processing cross cultural studies show influene of other factors like levels of schooling

Question 34

what is the function of the levels of processing | role of encoding info in LTM

Answer 34

MoM suggests memory comprises of a continuous dimension which is encoded relating to the ease with which info can be retreived - the deeper the processing on info the greater the chance of it being retrieved and stay in LTM | MoM - model of memory

Question 35

what are the 3 LoP

Answer 35

structural, moderate and deep

Question 36

iconic images are considereed to be those that register in which type of memory?

Answer 36

Sensory memory

Question 37

What does 'levels of processing model of memory' refer to?

Answer 37

associations between new knowledge and previous knowledge

Question 38

which order represents the order of processing form the most shallow to the most deep

Answer 38

structural, phonemic, semantic