STM & LTM Memory Flashcards
What is the process of memory?
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
what is encoding memory
putting info into a for to fit with your personal system; you can’t code something you weren’t paying attention to
what is the function of storing memory
to maintain endocded info in either STM or LTM
what is retrieving memory
getting info back from LTM to use in working memory
What is the Multistore model of memory and who suggested it
and what year
suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
1. sensory
2. short term
3. long term
what is sensory memory
info in the environment that is received by our sense
what are the functions of sensory memory
- prevents us form being overwhelmed with stimulus - we filter it to what we pay attention to
- the rapid decay of sensory info allows us to constantly be receiving new incoming info
- allows us to perceive the world as smooth and ongoing
sensory memory
what is iconic memory - duration and capacity
visual memory (of sensory memory)
duration: 0.3 seconds
capacity: unlimited - this allows us to see and make sense of the world
sensory memory
what is echoic memory - duration and capacity
auditory memory - hearing
duration: 3-4 secs
capacity: unlimited - this allows to retain the sounds of words long enough to understand the whole phrase that has been spoken
what is short term memory
receives info from both sensory and long-term memory stores
what is short term memory - duration and capacity
duration: 12-30 seconds
Capacity: 5-9 pieces of info
–> trying to remember more than 9 things in more than 30 secs STM is unreliable
what is maintenance rehearsal
used to retain info in STM by repeating info over and over to stay in STM but is usually transferred into LTM
what is elaborative rehearsal
Gives meaning to info and links to other info in our memory to give it a personal meaning
what is chunking
grouping items together to improve memory capacity - allows the info to occupy each of those spaces more clearly in memory
what is mnemonics
a strategy that can be used to strengthen memory - visualisation, rhythm and rhyme
what is the method of loci
uses spatial memory to aid in quickly recalling info - sherlock holmes’ memory palace
what is SQ4R
survey, question, read, recite, relate and review
a guide on how to study well
what is long term memory
encoded info that is retrievable (as long as you know about it) and is encoded by its meaning and stored in semantic memory - to make sense of the world
what is long term memory - duration and capacity
difficult to know the full duration or capacity in LTM as many people have a stronger memory so they can retain and retrieve info more readily
how to retreive info from LTM
Retrieval cues can help previously forgotten memories to suddenly return, a mental reminder/prompt to aid recollection
What is procedural memory
it is the “How To” memories which occur after practising tasks, skills or actions - IMPLICIT
what is declarative memory
facts, events and/or general knowledge - can be further split into:
1. epidoic memory
2. semantic memory
explicit
what is episodic memory
personalised memories of events - autobiographical memory, to reminding yourself to do something in the future
what is semantic memory
memories of facts and knowledge
define explicit memory
a conscious retrieval of memory - recall and recognition of facts, names and events - declarative memory
define implicit memory
unconscious retrieval of memory - skills and movements that first need to be practised - procedural
long term memory
what are the different working models of memory
braddeley and hitch 1974
phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive and episodic buffer
what is the purpose of phonological loop
where does it stand
a storage system for auditory info, recieves info from echoic sensory and retains sounds long enough to understand them - inner ear and inner voice
what is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad
storage system for visual info in STM, allows us to see/keep an image in our minds as we process other things
functions differently between different people
what is the function of the central executive
include inhibiting, switich and updating
responsible for switching attention from one task to another; it decides what goes into or out of the LTM by using inhibiting, switiching and updating methods to organse and make big decisions
what is the function of the episodic buffer
acts as a bridge and filter between LTM and central executive and storage components
what are the strengths of the working model of memory
evaluate
ability to store and actively process info simultaneously,
a lot of suppporting research on the WMM –> supports real life experiences when usuing visual info to remember
explains a wider range of tasks - verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing
episodic buffer explains how we time order memories of events
what are the limitations to the working model of memory
the CE is the most important but we dont have direct/enough research on it
eppisodic buffer not yet well understood
most research eprformed in lab - reduced eco validiity
not a lot of research because its difficult to research cognitive processing
cross cultural studies show influene of other factors like levels of schooling
what is the function of the levels of processing
role of encoding info in LTM
MoM suggests memory comprises of a continuous dimension which is encoded relating to the ease with which info can be retreived - the deeper the processing on info the greater the chance of it being retrieved and stay in LTM
MoM - model of memory
what are the 3 LoP
structural, moderate and deep
iconic images are considereed to be those that register in which type of memory?
Sensory memory
What does ‘levels of processing model of memory’ refer to?
associations between new knowledge and previous knowledge
which order represents the order of processing form the most shallow to the most deep
structural, phonemic, semantic
