practical investigations things

Question 1

independent groups

define

Answer 1

Allocates participants randomly to be in either experimental or control group

Question 2

independent groups

adventage and disadventage

Answer 2

A: completede quickly; withdrawl is low
D: requires large no of people to ensure participation vairance

Question 3

matched participant design

define

Answer 3

pairing participants with similair characteristics, triat or qualities for what is being investigated

Question 4

matched participant design

adventage and disadventage

Answer 4

A: result will not be influenced in unwanted way; E&C group results will be similiar
D: take a long time to find matching pair

Question 5

repeated measures design

define

Answer 5

one participant is exposed to both E&C groups

Question 6

repeated measures design

adventage and disadventage

Answer 6

A: less individual differences across groups
D: order effect can impact performance and have an unwanted effect on DV

Question 7

sampling

Random sampling

define

Answer 7

Every member of population has an equal chance of being selected to be part of the study

Question 8

random sampling

adventage and disadventage

Answer 8

A: results are often generalised to population - sample was a representative of pop. to begin with
D: requires a lot of time to randomly choose participants

Question 9

random sampling

example

Answer 9

drawing names out of a hat, or computer generated names or number of participants/population

Question 10

Stratified sampling

define

Answer 10

Dividing the population into specific sub-group and selecting participants from within each sub-group

Question 11

stratified samplign

example

Answer 11

1. take population of high school students (in a school)
2. divide them into year levels (strata)
3. choose a few students from each strata ACCORDING to what is being measured
4. the few student from each strata are the new stratified sample

Question 12

Random stratified sampling

defien

Answer 12

Same as stratified sampling but now randomly selecting participants in each strata

randomnly selecting from strata will ensure every participant have an equal chance of being selected for the study

Question 13

Convenience sampling

define

Answer 13

participants are chosen based on their easy accessibilities and proximity to the researcher

Question 14

convenience sampling

adventage and disadventage

Answer 14

A: Participants are easily accessible
D: Non-probability technique; result can’t be generalised to the population - wasnt a representation of population to start with

Question 15

convenience sampling

example

Answer 15

Uni researchers might ask JUST for their students to volunteer to sign up to the study - if they are interessted

Question 16

p-value of 0.02

p<0.05

Answer 16

the results are statistically significant and more likely to have occured due to the effect of the IV thus the results can be generalised to the wider population

Question 17

p-value of 0.08

p>0.05

Answer 17

The p-value is not statisitcally significant and the experimental hypothesis cannnot be support thus the result cannot be generalised to the wider population

Question 18

ethical principles

abrehviation

Answer 18

Perhaps Very Intelligetn Ducks Can Do Well

Question 19

Protection & securtiy of participants rights

defien

Answer 19

esearchers must respect participants rights and needs to ensure their safety and well being is maintained

Question 20

Voluntary participation

define

Answer 20

Participants chose to be involved in the study by their own free will - cannot not be pressured to sign up

Question 21

Informed consent

defien

Answer 21

Participants must be provided with info prior to the study and told about th enature & purpose, any potential risks involved, their withdrawal rights and their consent to the study

Question 22

Deception

defien

Answer 22

withholging particular info about the study - experimenter must ensure no significant distress or truama is caused and all participants must be debriefed about withheld info

if purpose of study is revealed - participants may act differently to how they normally would act

Question 23

Confidentiality

define

Answer 23

must ensure all participants are not identifiable in any way - researchers cannot simply publish results in papers or on the internet

Question 24

Debreifing

define

Answer 24

After the study is completed the participants must become aware of the results and conclusion of the study. This is where all misconceptions and withheld info is corrected and clarrified

Question 25

Withdrawal rights

define

Answer 25

Give participants the right to leave the exerpiment at any given point and withdraw their results from the study too

Question 26

alternative hypothesis

define

Answer 26

predicts that there is a relationship between the IV and DV

Question 27

null hypothesis

define

Answer 27

precitds that there is no relationship between the IV and the DV

Question 28

extraneous varibale

define

Answer 28

variables that need to be controlled to avoid influencing the DV

Question 29

confounding cariables

define

Answer 29

Varibales that will influence the DV

e.g additional time to study or prior knowledge

Question 30

types of validity

4 types

Answer 30

internal validity - is the result due to the IV
content validity - instrument measures what is says it does
construct validity - does the test support the theory
extneral validity - how natural is it /ecological validity

Question 31

SD

define

Answer 31

finds the disperstion of individual data points from the mean - the larger the SD the grater dispersion/variation of points in the data

Question 32

r-values

define

Answer 32

correlation coefficients (r) describes the relationship between two bariables
the closer to +1 or -1 the stornger the correlation, if closer to 0, there is no correlation