Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sexual Health > STIs and Pregnancy > Flashcards

STIs and Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How is gonorrhoea similar to chlamydia?

A

Treated in the same way

But gonorrhoea is less prevalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonorrhoea in pregnancy can cause:

A

Premature birth
Stillbirth
Small for gestational age babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Untreated gonorrhoea can cause:

A

Pelvic infections
Ectopic pregnancy
Gonoccocal opthalmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Congenital gonorrhoea present as:

A

Purulent conjunctivitis within 48hrs of delivery

Can lead to blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment for congenital gonorrhoea:

A

Infant treated systemically with penicillin

Mother and sexual contact should also be investigated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Incidence of neonatal HSV:

A

Quite low = 3/100,000 live births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference in risk of transmission between primary HSV and recurrent HSV?

A 
Primary = higher risk
Recurrent = lower risk, due to pre-existing maternal antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What % of HSV infection in the neonate is acquired during birth?

A

80-90%

due to contact with HSV-infected secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What should be considered if HSV lesions are present in the mother?

A

Caesarean section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary HSV during pregnancy can cause:

A

Spotaneous abortion
Premature abortion
Inter Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is the risk of HSV greatest?

A

Late in pregnancy - mother may not have yet developed antibodies to protect infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevention measures for HSV:

A

All women should be examined for suspicious lesions

Type specific serology in the antenatal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are there interventions of Hepatitis C during pregnancy?

A

No interventions shown to reduce the risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Key periods of transmission for Hepatitis C

A

Intrauterine
Intrapartum (during labour)
Postnatal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are all babies born to mothers with HCV positive by ELISA antibody test?

A

Passive transfer of antibodies from mother to infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

On-going health risks for patients with chronic Hepatitis C

A

liver disease (liver cirrhosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is Hepatitis C screening offered on a universal or selective scale

A

Universal - according to Australia National HCV Testing Policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is breast-feeding a risk for Hep C?

A

No it is not a risk, but should be avoided in nipples are cracked and/or bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can children spontaneously clear the Hepatitis C virus

A

Yes - may occur within the first 5 years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When can HIV be transmitted?

A

Pregnancy
Delivery
Breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the range of transmission of HIV around the world?

A

Developed countries = 13%

Under developed countries = 40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When can HIV begin to develop?

A

Can be isolated from foetal tissue as early as 8 weeks into gestation

23
Q

What is the strongest predictor of HIV in pregnant women?

A

Viral load

24
Q

How are infants tested for HIV transmission?

A

ELISA and Western blot will be positive due to passively transferred maternal antibodies - these an be spontaneously cleared
Complete diagnosis requires positive HIV culture

25
Q

What risk factors contribute to a higher prevalence of perinatal transmission of HIV

A

Poor maternal health
Poor medical/obstetric care and facilities
Antiviral therapy not available
No alternative to breast-feeding

26
Q

Who should HIV screening be offered to?

A

All pregnant women, and all women planning a pregnancy

27
Q

List the four interventions that can prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

A

Short courses of antiretroviral medicines
Caesarean section before labour and before membranes have ruptures
Complete avoidance of breastfeeding
Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant

28
Q

What are the three steps involved in conducting an HIV screening?

A

Discuss screening with the patient - explain importance of detecting HIV early (benefit both mother and child)
Document and follow up
Take a holistic approach - treatment requires medication along with counselling, contact tracing and partner testing

29
Q

Which STIs can be transmitted during delivery?

A 
Candidiasis/Thrush
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
HSV
HPV
HIV
Hep B and C
30
Q

Which STIs can be transmitted through breast milk?

A

Herpes (CMV)
HIV
Hep B
Hep C (when nipples cracked/bleeding)

31
Q

List some concerns a pregnant women may have about her sexuality

A

Changing body image
Sexual positioning
Libido
Partner’s response

32
Q

Risks associated with chlamydia during pregnancy include:

A 
Miscarriage
Premature birth
Small for gestational age
Eye disease
Pneumonia
infant mortality
33
Q

What are the three types of infection that can occur in utero? Provide some examples of infections

A

Transplacental - CMV, HIV, syphillis
Ascending - BV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea
At birth - HIV, HSV, HPV

34
Q

List the 12 common adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with STIs (soz not soz)

A 
Ectopic pregnancy
Spontaneous abortion
Fetal death
Perinatal infection
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Congenital abonormalities
Premature rupture of membranes
Preterm birth
Chorioamnioitis
Puerpal infections
Low-birth weight infants
Neonatal infections
35
Q

What is the purpose of antenatal screening?

A

Aims to detect and prevent maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes

36
Q

Before screening, what should occurs?

A

Women must know it is optional
It is confidential
Can decline testing
Processes for follow-up, especially for a positive result

37
Q

What steps should be taken following a positive diagnosis?

A

Psychological support
Prompt treatment and follow up
Contact tracing
Referral for specialist care

38
Q

How is syphilis different to herpes, chlamydia and gonorrhoea? (in terms of transmission during pregnancy)

A

Syphilis is acquired prenatal or postnatal - not during birth

39
Q

What are possible complications of primary or secondary syphilis? What about late latent?

A

Primary or secondary = 70-100% transmission, stillborn or congenital syphilis
Late latent = significantly reduced risk of transmission

40
Q

Who should be tested for syphilis?

A

All women should be tested AT LEAST ONCE during pregnancy

normally at first antenatal visit, and 12 weeks before gestation

41
Q

Treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin - both infant and mother

42
Q

How can congenital syphilis be classified?

A

Early and late congenital syphilis

43
Q

Why is it essential that a serological syphilis test of neonates is repeated?

A

May initially present with passive transferred antibodies, test again at 6 and 12 weeks
All infants with syphilis markers should be treated

44
Q

Is congenital syphilis a notifiable disease in QLD?

A

YES

45
Q

What methods of Hep B infections take place in neonates?

A

Occurs with birth
Ingestion
Contact of infectious fluids from mothers

46
Q

Is neonatal or adult-acquired Hep B more likely to develop into a carrier state?

A

Neonatal = 90% of cases
Adults = 10%
Can lead to premature death from cirrhosis or liver cancer

47
Q

How is neonatal Hep B prevented?

A

Every baby born with HBV positive mother or father is vaccinated at within 12 hours of birth

(These children are less likely to suffer from sexual transmission, as already exposed to the infection and are no longer susceptible)

48
Q

When should follow-up tests be conducted for Hep B-at risk infants?

A

At birth, 6 months and 12 months - HbsAg

Test at 12 months for anti-HbsAg

49
Q

Who should be tested for Chlamydia?

A

All women under 25yrs of age

50
Q

Why is neonatal Chlamydia particularly serious?

A

Largely asymptomatic, so symptoms generally present after mother and child have been discharged from hospital
(eye disease and pneumonia)
If left untreated, neonatal chlamydia can lead to infant mortality

51
Q

Treatment of Chlamydia includes:

A

Mother - Antibiotics both prenatally and postnatally
Infant - erythromycin
Partners - azithromycin

52
Q

How does HPV infection change in pregnant women?

A

Warts can present or enlarge, which can obstruct labour
Can be safely removed with liquid nitrogen application
But it is possible for regression spontaneously after parturition

53
Q

What are complications of neonatal HPV infection?

A 
Anogenital warts during infancy and childhood
Laryngeal papillomatosis (months or years later) - disease of the throat

Sexual Health (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions