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SOC 303 Deviance > Stigma Cont. > Flashcards

Stigma Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Fragile Facades: Stuttering and the Strategic Manipulation of Awareness - Clifford Shearing

What are some of the socio-demographic trends with respect to who is affected by stuttering the most?

A
  • Common in western societies, industrial societies
  • Appears between the ages of 2-9
  • Has some genetic basis
  • More in males
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2
Q

Fragile Facades: Stuttering and the Strategic Manipulation of Awareness - Clifford Shearing

How was this research conducted?

A
  • Qualitative, participant observation, interviews
  • Micro Level
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3
Q

Fragile Facades: Stuttering and the Strategic Manipulation of Awareness - Clifford Shearing

How do stutterers describe the experience

A
  • The work of an alien inner force, “it” takes control of speech
  • Social pressure makes the stutter worse
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4
Q

Fragile Facades: Stuttering and the Strategic Manipulation of Awareness - Clifford Shearing

In coping with this subjective reality, stutterers use three general strategies: What are they and their corresponding examples?

A
  • Concealment
  • Openness
  • Disavow
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5
Q

Fragile Facades: Stuttering and the Strategic Manipulation of Awareness - Clifford Shearing

What are the 3 major lines of argument mentioned in the discussion section?

A

Analysis shows the importance of considering subjective experience as well as behavior when studying the management of identity

Stutterers seek to manage 2 problems
- Preserving an acceptable identity
- Preserving an orderly interaction

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6
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What had previous research on voluntary risk taking behavior focus on?

A

Previous research had focused on the rewards and costs of risk-taking behavior
- Some people focus more on the risk taking itself, and others focus more on the end result

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7
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

This author is making an effort to provide a sociological account of voluntary risk taking by ___________.

A

an account that would explain high-risk behavior in terms of a socially constituted self in a historically specific social environment

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8
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What two theorists is he combining?

A
  • Marx
  • Mead
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9
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

Where does the concept of edgework come from?

A
  • Term is borrowed from Hunter S. Thompson
  • Negotiating the space between life and death
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10
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What activity was central to his research?

A

Skydiving
- he worked with jump pilots

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11
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What constitutes edgework activities?

A
  • they all involve a clearly observable threat to one’s physical or mental wellbeing or one’s sense of an ordered existence
  • the individual’s failure to meet the challenge at hand will result in death or, at the very least, debilitating injury
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12
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What does he list as edgework skills?

A
  • Mental fortitude
  • Practical Skills
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13
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

What does he include as edgework experiences?

A
  • Themes of “self-actualization, self-determination, and self-realization
  • Alterations in perception
  • Cognitive control
  • Hyper-reality
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14
Q

Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking - Stephen Lyng

How do similar concepts, action and flow, differ from edgework?

A
  • Edgework differs from “action” as those who participate in edgework must feel a certain degree of control over their situation
  • “Flow” is a state of focused concentration, Lyng says that during flow you lose yourself while during edgework you realize your self
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15
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

What does the author say about the types of criminal offenses juveniles are most likely to be arrested for?

A
  • Range of activities much larger than “street gangs”
  • More drug/alcohol related
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16
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

What is meant by status offenses and what are some examples?

A
  • Things that are illegal at one age but not at another
  • Crime based on status (age, gender, etc)
    -Boys pulled into committing status offenses, girls pushed
    -Drinking, running away, skipping school, etc
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17
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

What does the author say is problematic with the current state of delinquency theory (at least at the time of this publication)?

A
  • Does not acknowledge status offenses with girls delinquency
  • Focuses only on boys and gang violence
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18
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

What did Thrasher say were the 2 reasons why the number of girls involved in gang activity was low

A
  • Social patterns for the behaviors of girls backed by tradition are contrary to those of gang activities

-

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19
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

“Studies of early family court activity reveal that virtually all the girls who appeared in these courts ______”

A

Were charged for immorality or waywardness

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20
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

“A feminist approach to delinquency means construction of ______”

A

Explanations of female behavior that are sensitive to its patriarchal context

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21
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

Is there a difference regarding how boys and girls get referred to criminal justice? If so, how?

A

Girls are more likely to be referred to criminal justice system by sources other than law enforcement agencies (parents)

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22
Q

Explaining Body Deviance with Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque - David Lane

What does the author mean by criminalizing girls’ survival?

A

Girls committing crimes are just reactions to physical/sexual abuse

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23
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

What does the author mean by the Promisquity-Chastity-Inequality model of Prostitution?

A
  • Male Sexuality was defined to include promiscuity
  • Female Sexuality was defined to include promiscuity
  • Men had the power to enforce both
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24
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

How did St. Thomas Aquinas view prostitution and what sociological theory is consistent with his logic?

A
  • Prostitution is troublesome but necessary
    • Like a sewage system in a palace
25
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

How did 19th century feminist view sexuality and the Promisquity-Chastity-Inequality model more broadly?

A

Some activists urged that society give prostitution legitimacy as an expression of female sexuality outside of marriage, others did not

26
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

How does the author represent the current state of the feminist approach to sexuality and sex work?

A

Two groups:
-Women who stress emancipation from male sexual oppression
-Women who stress freedom of choice

27
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

What policies would each approach indorse?

A
  1. Women who want emancipation from male sexual oppression, as the primary issue, SEF (Sexually Equality First)
  2. Those who view prostitution as work, FCF (Free Choice First)
28
Q

On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy - Annette Jolin

How do all feminist view the criminalization of prostitution?

A

Against it

29
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

What is COYOTE and what do they advocate for?

A
  • A group of former sex workers advocating for the legitimize sex work as a civil rights issue
  • “Call off your tired old ethics”
30
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

What were the methods in this research study?

A

Examining published COYOTE documents regarding sex rights movement, documents from Schlesinger library

31
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

What is the “New Image” of prostitution?

A

Prostitution is work and should be separated from crime, most women who are in sex work choose to do so, and it should be respected

32
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

How has COYOTE and similar organization changed the discourse among 3 different groups

A
  • Law enforcement: public abuse of sex workers, primary issue
  • Other feminists: engage with each other and work out strategies
  • AIDS: hit COYOTE hard, advocate for those affected
33
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

What does WHISPER stand for?

A

Women hurt in systems of prostitution engaged in revolt

34
Q

From Sex as Sin to Sex I as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of of Prostitution as a Social Problem - Valerie Jenness

What are the primary claims of COYOTE (discussion section)?

A
  • Not all sex work is forced
  • It is respectable work
  • Women have the right to choose
  • It is a civil rights issue
35
Q

Discuss the Sociology of Medicine and the Medicalization of Deviance - Peter Conrad

What are the 3 major changes in medical knowledge and organization that engendered an important shift in the engines that drive medicalization?

A
  • Biotechnology
  • Consumers
  • Managed care
36
Q

Discuss the Sociology of Medicine and the Medicalization of Deviance - Peter Conrad

“The essence of medicalization became ____”

A

The definitional issue: defining a problem in medical terms, usually as an illness or disorder, or using medical intervention to treat it

37
Q

Discuss the Sociology of Medicine and the Medicalization of Deviance - Peter Conrad

If one conducted a meta-analysis of the studies in the 1970s and 1980s, several social factors would predominate. What are they?

A
  • Power and authority of the medical profession
  • Medicalization sometimes occurs through the activities of social
    movements/interest groups
  • There were directed organization or inter or intra professional activities that prompted medicalization
38
Q

Discuss the Sociology of Medicine and the Medicalization of Deviance - Peter Conrad

By the 1980s, we began to see some profound changes in the organization of medicine that have had important consequences for health matters. What are they?

A
  • Erosion of medical authority
  • Health policy shifted from concerns of access to concerns of control
  • Managed care became central
39
Q

Discuss the Sociology of Medicine and the Medicalization of Deviance - Peter Conrad

List some of the primary examples from each of the 3 major changes in medical knowledge and organization

A

Biotech: ADHD meds, pharmaceuticals and genetic engineering

Consumers: Competing Health Care companies, plastic surgery, hormones

Managed Care: Psycho therapy cheaper in insurance, 3rd party control

40
Q

Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior - Edwin Lemert

How does the author describe the early sociological viewpoints on social problems?

A
  • Candidly and uncritically moralistic
  • Drawn from one’s own sense of rightness
  • Bothered little about methods of labeling, good or bad
41
Q

Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior - Edwin Lemert

What are the minimum requirements for the criteria to be used to qualify as a systematic theory of sociopathic behavior

A
  • The field of study, sociopathic behavior, must be strictly delimited
  • The systematic conceptualization of the field should be derived from a limited number of postulates
  • The conceptual system should not be only internally consistent but should not be consistent with an integral part of a general theory of human behavior
  • The concepts should be necessary and sufficient
  • The hypothesis must be logical consequences of postulates
  • Concepts should be sufficiently detailed to explain the phenomena without analogies
42
Q

Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior - Edwin Lemert

What do biological theorists believe about the topic and what criteria to they fail to meet?

A
  • Certain forms of socially disapproved behavior arise i one of the following ways
    -Inheritance of a gene or gene combination
    -Inheritance of an unspecified tendency to act
    -Inheritance of an unspecified constitutional weakness
  • This field of study is not strictly delimited
43
Q

Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior - Edwin Lemert

What do psychological and psychiatric theorists believe about the topic and what criteria do they fail to meet?

A
  • Systematic theory, subjective dynamics of pathological human behavior
  • Not necessary and sufficient
  • Not sufficiently detailed
44
Q

Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior - Edwin Lemert

Regarding a sociological approach, “Our own position on this matter is that _______”

A

The direct or significant factors of sociopathic behavior are sociological or socio psychological in nature, and are expressive by such concepts as social structure, group role, status, and symbolic interaction

45
Q

Whatever Happened to Social Pathology? Conceptual Fashions and the Sociology of Deviance - Joel Best

According to the author, what was the real problem that “bedeviled: social pathology theorists?

A

Proponents could not agree on a way to define the concept

46
Q

Whatever Happened to Social Pathology? Conceptual Fashions and the Sociology of Deviance - Joel Best

What are the three different approaches to defining deviance outlined by the author?

A
  • Statistic) deviance is the outlier from the norm
  • Moralistic) deviance is a norm violation
  • Societal reaction) application of categories
47
Q

Whatever Happened to Social Pathology? Conceptual Fashions and the Sociology of Deviance - Joel Best

What are the 2 ways in which the author suggests we can assess whether a fashionable category for a troubling condition offers a useful genuine concept that offers theoretical utility

A
  1. It argues that the troubling condition within a category name are the same sort of condition
  2. It focuses on the conditions of the troubling category
48
Q

Whatever Happened to Social Pathology? Conceptual Fashions and the Sociology of Deviance - Joel Best

What does the author mean by a “Natural History of Conceptual Fashion” and what are the stages of this history?

A

Stages
- Devise some rubric to group issues to address, offer a definition, attract
critics, doubt the old category name, circle around the same conceptual
bushes

49
Q

Mental Illness as Degeneracy and Disease - Victor Perez

How is mental illness viewed today?

A

Genetics and gene environment interaction

50
Q

Mental Illness as Degeneracy and Disease - Victor Perez

What are the major paradigms used by this author to better understand the history of how we conceptualize mental illness? Make sure you get them in the correct chronological order!

A

Degeneracy, social pathology, labeling, medicalization, genetics

51
Q

Mental Illness as Degeneracy and Disease - Victor Perez

From a sociological perspective, are we interested in mental illness as a source of deviance or mental illness as a form of mental illness?

A

Form of deviance

52
Q

Mental Illness as Degeneracy and Disease - Victor Perez

“At its core, mental illness is best understood as a _____”

A

A social designation based on the reactions of others

53
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

Approximately how many “witches” were executed in continental Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries?

A

More than 500,000 witches

54
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

What was the scourge of the 19th century?

A

Masturbation
-self abuse
-masturbatory insanity

55
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

What is the conventional wisdom on what causes Schizophrenia and what is the conventional treatment?

A

Biochemistry when it is off; decrease of dopamine will lead to schizophrenia.

56
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

“The problem, simply stated, is this ______”

A

As the brain is involved in human conduct, just as every other part of the body is. Deviant behavior is not more a of a problem in medicine anymore than nuclear physics used in making a bomb makes international conflicts physics problems.

57
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

In what ways does this reasoning flounder?

A

Tautology: What is the symptom and what is the disease. What comes first?

58
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

What were the examples used to demonstrate how difficult it is to differentiate “normal” behavior and mental illness?

A

Depression, Paranoid schizophrenia, delusional schizophrenia

59
Q

From Witchcraft to Drugcraft: Biochemistry as Mythology - Ronny E. Turner and Charles Edgley

What are the two meanings of Biochemistry as Mythology?

A
  • Tautology, what is the independent variable
  • It is an everchanging truth and change in narrative

SOC 303 Deviance (3 decks)

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