Steve Ritchie Flashcards
What is the main cause of cystitis?
E. Coli
What enables some E. Coli to invade to the kidney?
The E. Coli have fimbria that allow it to bind and flagella that allows it to move.
How do you treat someone with cystitis?
Needs to be cleared by the kidneys, needs to be narrow spectrum (except in resistance).
Nitrofuratoin - 4 x a day
Trimethoprim - 1/day
How do you treat someone with pylonephritis/
Gnetamycin - do blood and urine cultures
How is hepatitis A virus transmitted?
Faecal oral route
What does hepatitis A cause?
Acute hepatitis only - Higher rates of symptoms with age
What are the symptoms of hepatitis B infection?
Usually asymptomatic in adults
Fever, malaise, jaundice, swollen liver, anorexia
30% of adults get an acute infection and less than 5% get chronic.
Children get chronic infection caught from mother during birth. Almost all don’t get an acute infection.
Can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma -> death
What are the symptoms of hepatitis C infection?
Usually asymptomatic in adults - 10-15% get acute
50-85% get chronic
What sort of virus is hepatitis B and why is that important?
It is a DNA virus but it still uses reverse transcriptase, which is a drug target
It is incorporated into the nucleus and host DNA
What causes damage to the liver cells in HBV infection?
Lymphocytes
How do you identify HBV infection?
HBV virus releases a lot of HBSAg into the blood stream
What are the targets of drugs with HCV?
Non-structural proteins from viral polymerase enzymes.
Does not enter host cell DNA.
How do you detect HAV?
Detection of anti-HAV IgM antibodies in the blood.
IgM will be positive during the infection but IgG can also indicate previous infection
IgM -ve and IgG +ve indicates previous infection
How do you detect HBV?
Detection of HBSAg in the blood
Hepatitis anti-HBS antibodies indicate vaccination
Hepatitis core antigen indicates infection (not present with vaccination)
Hepatitis b core antigen -ve but anti-HBS indicates protection indicates vaccination
Hepatitis b core antigen +ve, HBSAg negative and anti-HBS +ve indicates previous infection
How do you detect HCV?
Detection of IgG antibody against HCV followed by PCR detection of HCV RNA in his blood.
If IgG present then either current infection or immunity, so check PCR. If both present then current infection.
What is the most common for of HBV transmission?
Vertical transmission