Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimmination

Question 1

stereotypes

Answer 1

= unfair generalizations about a group
- leads to expect certain types of behavior from certain groups of people
- leads to discrimination
- denies ownership of talent
- used as heuristic -> thin king shortcuts (preserving limited cognitive ability)

Question 2

prejudice

Answer 2

= biased emotional response to a group
- certain feeling about a group, seeking for an explanation (prejudice to stereotyping)
-> arise from competition/group inequality between groups
-> arise as result of cognitive processes that lead us to stereotype out-groups

Question 3

discrimination

Answer 3

= biased behaviors towards a group
- treating other group in a certain way (might lead to prejudice and then stereotyping)

Question 4

Group conflict theory

Answer 4

1. incompatible interest; negative interdependence -> believe “just one group can have it”, zero-sum game (hating group for taking things away -> prejudice)
2. compatible interest; positive interdependence -> groups have to work together to achieve something (tolerance and fairness are provoked), not long lasting state

Question 5

Robbers cave field experiment

Answer 5

• competitive behavior for wining -> state of negative interdependence (out group friendships stopped)
• using positive interdependence (subordinate goals) to get harmony back (jigsaw classroom)

Question 6

Racism as zero sun game

Answer 6

when other group is doing better line must be worse off (negative interdependence)

Question 7

social identity theory

Answer 7

• prejudice arises when other group threatens our self-esteem
• our in groups form part of our social identity -> if our social identity is threatened, so it our self esteem
• want our group to be better; positive distinctiveness (leads to discrimination)

Question 8

REMEMBER

Answer 8

stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination are the result of competition for positive distinctiveness, therewith for self-esteem

Question 9

minimal group paradigm

Answer 9

even though groups are so arbitrary (no meaning) people will discriminate against other groups -> see inter group allocations
-> being able to discriminate in favor of your in group makes you feel good

Question 10

relative deprivation theory

Answer 10

when our own group suffers from lost, we compare current and expected state, get pissed of and accommodate for this (goes to killing others)
1. expectation for what our group does, expectations based on unter group comparison
2. 1. enforces discrepancy coming up between actual and ideal
3. social disconnect
4. prejudice/inter group conflict arises (find someone to blame)

Question 11

elective deprivation/in group attitudes

Answer 11

• prejudice arise when groups have incompatible goals
  -> can be tangible, harming self esteem, or the feeling of them have to do better

Question 12

activation networks

Answer 12

• stereotypes consist of highly practices relationships among concepts in long term memory
• having stereotypes about one group; all concepts relating to this feeling will be primed towards that
• we learn stereotypes in the world around us (culturally transmitted) -> automatically

Question 13

shared distinctiveness

Answer 13

creating stereotypes when two events co-occur (ones happen together, always happen together) -> caused by one person of the group

Question 14

our group homogeneity

Answer 14

out-group homogeneity and in-group heterogeneity; seeing our foul as homogenous preserved cognitive capacities

Question 15

enforcing bias

Answer 15

failing to get counter stereotypical information into long term memory (impossible to break stereotype, needs constant memorization)
-> people preferentially endive behavior going along with that group and fail to encode what does not go along (confirmation bias form)

Question 16

retrieval am bias

Answer 16

see biography experiment -> half group told next time person is gay

-> one little cue made people forgot all aspects which do not belong to what people in the group would be like -> forgetting counter stereotypical information (recall bias)

Question 17

subcategorization

Answer 17

breaking stereotypes;
- engaging in sub typing (view person you don’t want to stereotype as subdivided)
- subgrouping to weaken stereotypes
-> might let you overcome stereotyping

Question 18

change stereotypes more easily when …

Answer 18

people are low in prejudice; seeking for stereotype breaking information -> good way to destroy stereotypes