Stepwise breakdown, Roles of ATP, NAD+, FAD

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

Breakdown of glucose in the body

Question 2

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

Synthesis of glucose in the body

Question 3

Glycogenesis

Answer 3

Synthesis of glycogen in the body

Question 4

Glycogenolysis

Answer 4

Breakdown of glycogen in the body

Question 5

Beta oxidation

Answer 5

Breakdown of fatty acids in the body

Question 6

Metabolism

Answer 6

Comprises of the catabolism and anabolism in the body

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

Involve the oxidation of substrate molecules from our food
Releases energy in the form of ATP
Produce simple molecules

Question 8

Anabolism

Answer 8

Involve the synthesis of complex molecules produced during catabolism
Requires energy in the form ATP
Reductive process

Question 9

Why do we have stepwise breakdown

Answer 9

Cells cannot use heat as energy, To not waste energy as heat and light, the body breakdown glucose in a way energy can be harvested and not be wasted

Question 10

Stepwise breakdown

Answer 10

Substrate will be broken in different steps in a sequential flow, throughout the steps, energy-rich molecules will then be synthesized, capturing energy
When intermediate 1 -> intermediate 2, ATP is released

Method: Oxidize the carbon and nitrogen in food in steps, so that energy can be captured in chemical form such as ATP and NADH

The energy from the energy rich molecules can be released slowly, where the body will not be too warmed up and energy will not be too wasted,

Question 11

ATP chemistry

Answer 11

Consists of a adenine nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphoryl group linked by phosphodiester bonds.

Phosphoryl groups are on the 5th carbon, adenine base on the 1st carbon

Question 12

How to draw ATP

Answer 12

Ribose sugar: looks like a pentagon with O on the top and 4 carbons around. 2 carbons on the bottom is bonded to OH and H. 1st carbon is bound to N of adenine.
Last carbon is bonded to 5th carbon in the form of CH2. The last carbon is bound to O of phosphate group. Originally, the last carbon is bound in the form of CH2OH

Phosphoryl group: PO4, 1 O is double bonded to P, a negative charge lies on 1 of the oxygen of the phosphoryl group.

Question 13

Adenine chemistry

Answer 13

Adenine/Formula
C5H5N5
Pentagon ring overlaps with Hexagon ring.
Pentagon ring consists of N and NH, 2 double bonds, 1 of which N binds to C. Other double bond is shared by the rings.
Hexagon ring consists of 2 N, both N are double bonded to a C. Top Carbon 1 is bonded to a NH2 group. 1st N is double bonded to the 1st carbon, bonded to NH2.

Question 14

How do adenine provide energy

Answer 14

Transfer of gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP generates adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing high amounts of energy

Question 15

How do NAD+ capture energy

Answer 15

Stepwise oxidation of substrate using NAD+ as an oxidizing agent (accepts electrons) in the metabolic pathways, becoming reduced to NADH.

NADH is produced through stepwise oxidation.

NADH is the energy rich molecule, reduced form
NAD+ is the energy low molecule, oxidized form

Question 16

What is NAD

Answer 16

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD is s sugar nucleotide.

Nicotinamide is the water soluble active form of vitamins B3, which can be derived from niacin vitamin sources such as cereals, nuts and beans.

Nicotinamide group is involved in oxidation-reduction group.

In the ring of NAD+, 2H is added to NAD+, becoming NADH + H+
The hexagon ring looks a benzene ring with N+ being in the most bottom instead of C. There is also a H bound to the top carbon.
The ring is also bound to CONH2 at carbon 2

2H is bound to the top carbon after gaining 2H+, 1 double bond becomes single bond.
The ring is also bound to CONH2 at carbon 2.

Question 17

What is FAD

Answer 17

Flavin coenzyme, an enzyme prosthetic
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) component source
Involved in oxidation and reduction

FAD = oxidized form, low energy
FADH2 = reduced form, high energy

Question 18

List the 3 5 stars molecules

Answer 18

Pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate

Question 19

Pyruvate chemical structure

Answer 19

C3H4O3
3 carbon molecule with a H3C on the left end and OH on the right end. 2 carbons are double bonded to O.
                 O
                 II
H3C - C - C - OH
           II
          O

Question 20

Acetyl CoA chemical structure

Answer 20

C2OR-SCoA
O
II
R - C - C - S - CoA

S only forms 2 bonds

Question 21

Oxaloacetate chemical structure

Answer 21

C4H4O5
4 carbon molecule with 2 OH on both left and right.
3 O double bonds with only the 3rd carbon being CH2
        O 
         II
OH - C - C - C - C - OH
               II          II 
               O         O

Question 22

Overview of digestion and catabolic processes

Answer 22

Proteins, carbohydrates, fats.

Proteins -> Amino acids. Amino acids can directly become pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and enter citric acid cycle as oxaloacetate.
Citric acid cycle can then enter oxidative phosphorylation.

Carbohydrates -> simple sugars -> glycolysis -> pyruvate -> acetyl CoA -> citric acid cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation

Fats -> fatty acids -> enter glycolysis or become acetyl-CoA.