Diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

A state of chronic hyperglycaemia caused by a defect in insulin secretion, action or both, resulting in various metabolic disturbances.

Associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and/or failure of different organs supplied with high amounts of blood vessels, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

Usually accompanied by glycosuria and other biochemical abnormalities.
Can be asymptomatic to mild and severe complications that can lead to coma.

Question 2

Hyperglycemia

Answer 2

Excess glucose

Question 3

Glycosuria

Answer 3

Excess glucose in urine

Question 4

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 4

Autoimmune disease
Pancreatic beta cells destruction by islet cells autoantibodies, thus no insulin can be secreted
Lead to absolute insulin deficiency
Linked to other autoimmune diseases

Question 5

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 5

Lifestyle cause
Varying degrees of insulin resistance and insulin secretary defects.
Insulin resistance where receptors cannot recognize insulin or abnormal insulin

Question 6

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

Occurs in pregnant women

Question 7

Risk factors of type 1 diabetes

Answer 7

Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.

Question 8

Who can get type 1 diabetes

Answer 8

Usually strikes children and young non-obese adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.

Question 9

List 5 symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 9

Polyuria, thirst, glycosuria, marked weight loss, ketoacidosis,

Question 10

Describe the symptoms

Answer 10

• Frequent passing of large amounts of urine
• Thirst due to hypoglycemia
• Glycosuria, glucose in urine
• Marked weight loss, the body burns fat and muscles as glucose cannot enter the cells. Insulin regulates glucose uptake into the cells. No insulin, no uptake into the cells and no conversion to glycogen for muscle cells to use.
• Ketoacidosis, blood contain high levels of ketones, due to cells breaking down fats and some amino acids for energy, producing large amount of ketones.

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

Associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.

Increasingly frequent in young people

Insulin treatment may or may not be treated as insulin may be present

Insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion and relative insulin deficiency and eventual pancreatic beta cell failure are the 4 reasons.

Decreased glucose transport into liver, muscle cells and fat cells -> more fat breakdown with hyperglycemia.

Question 12

Insulin signaling issues in type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

Defect in GLUT4 signaling system, less glucose enters the cells from blood in type 2

Question 13

Main difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 13

Type 1 dont produce insulin

Type 2 dont respond to insulin well, dont make enough insulin

Question 14

5 Principle features comparison between type 1 and 2

Answer 14

Both have high plasma glucose levels.
Type 1 have ketones present and type 2 does not.
Type 1 have moderate or severe ketoacidosis and type 2 does not
Both have dehydration
Type 1 have hyperventilation but type 2 does not

Question 15

Why hyperventilation in type 1 patients?

Answer 15

As the blood carbonate buffering system is overwhelmed by the acidic ketones, this imbalance causes hyperventilation as the body attempts to regulate blood acid levels by getting rid of CO2, that makes carbonic acid, from the blood through expired air