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neur1005 > STEPHEN PRICE > Flashcards

STEPHEN PRICE Flashcards

1
Q

difference between CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: all nerves and ganglia outisde the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what do AFFERENT nerves do?

A

these carry info to CNS from the PNS

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3
Q

what do EFFERENT nerves do?

A

these carry info from CNS to the PNS

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4
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the sensory afferent?

A
  • somatosensory
  • viscerosensory
  • special sensory
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5
Q

what are the division of the motor efferent nerves?

A
  • somatomotor

- autonomic: parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric

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6
Q

what does the somatosensory involve?

A

skeletal muscle and skin

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7
Q

what does the somatomotpr involve?

A

skeletal muscle that is voluntray

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8
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system involve?

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glandular and secretory tissue
these are all involuntary

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9
Q

what is the distribution of cell bodies within the gray matter?

A

same no of cell bodies from top to bottom

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10
Q

what is the distribution of cell bodies within the white matter?

A
  • smaller as you go down to te cortex

- bigger as you go down to the cervical region

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11
Q

what is the route of sensory nerves?

A

from the spinal cord to the dorsal root ganglian

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12
Q

what is the route of motor nerves?

A

to the spinal cord coming out of the ventral root

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13
Q

which subdivision of the PNS does the basal ganglia belong to?

A

autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

what is an inductive process?

A

takes stem cells and lineage restrictions that give rise to a few types of cells, allowing differentiation

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15
Q

how does the brain of an embryo develop to form the CNS?

A
  • begins as a hollow tube
  • cerebral hemispheres outgrowths on either side from cranial end of tube
  • sweeps over the surface hiding the central core of the developing brain
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16
Q

what is the sequence of development starting from a zygote?

A

zygote-blastula-gastrula-3 germ layer-larva

17
Q

where are the embryonic stem cells derived from?

A

the larva stage where they can give rise to any type of cell

18
Q

how does a cell become functional?

A

exits the cell cycle and differentiates

19
Q

what are the 3 germ layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

20
Q

explain what happens during neural induction during gastrulation?

A

the dorsal mesoderm migrates abteriorly under the dorsal ectoderm releasing signals to induce the nervous system

21
Q

explain exp of hens and spermann?

A
  • 2 different frog embryos
  • the embryo of the unpigmented donor is transplanted to the pigmented recipient at the same stage of development
  • a second nervous system arose
  • the cells tell other cells to become the nervous system so induce the second nervous system in ventral ectoderm
22
Q

what are the 3 events during neurulation?

A
  1. contact between notochord and future floor plate
  2. folding and delamination of neural crest cells
  3. coverage, notochord deataches, crest migrationa nd roof plate is formed
23
Q

what are the 4 stages that pluripotent ectodermal cells have to pass to become neuronal precursor or progenitor cells and then neurons?

A
  1. competence- they need to receive the inductive signals and become proginetors
  2. specification- stay as progenitors or leave
  3. determination- enter neuronal differentiation pathways(their subtypes have been decided)
  4. differentiation- exit cell cyle and express neuronal genes
24
Q

why are morphogens critical?

A

generates distinct neuronal subtypes in distinct positions in the dorso ventral axis of the neuronal tube

25
Q

what are the 2 ways in which neuronal crest cells migrate?

A
  1. dorsolaterally into ectoderm and continue towards the midline
  2. ventralaterally through the anterior half of each sclerotome
26
Q

what happens to neuronal crest cells that remain in the sclerotome

A

they become dorsal root ganglia BUT

some can continue to produce sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla (nerve clusters around the axon)

27
Q

when does the migration of schwann cells stop?

A

when they come in contact with an axon

28
Q

what do neurogulins do?

A

stimulates differentiation and proliferation of schwann cell PRECURSORS
also contribute to survival

29
Q

each dorsal root ganglia is composed of 3 neuronal crest populations what are these:

A
  • one from the opposite side of the anterior somite

- one from the adjacent side of the posterior somite

30
Q

at specific regions of the trunk, neuronal crest cells produce?

A
  • sympathetic ganglion cells

- epinepherin secreting cells of the adrenal medulla

neur1005 (4 decks)

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