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neur1005 > CAMPBELL AND KESSARIS > Flashcards

CAMPBELL AND KESSARIS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the separate parts of the forebrain? (diencephalon and telencephalon)

A

diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
telecephalon: basal ganglia, hippocampus and cerebral cortex

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2
Q

what are the seperate parts of the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

sunstantia nigra

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3
Q

what are the seperate parts of the hindbrain?

A

pons, medulla and cerebellum

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4
Q

define ipsilateral and contralateral?

A

ipsilateral: when two structures are on the same side of the midline
contralateral: when two structures are on opposite sides of the midline

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5
Q

what does csf stand for, what produces it and where is it found?

A

CSF is the cerebrospinal fluid
it is secreted by choroid plexus
found in the subarachnoid space

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6
Q

what is the CSF flow route?

A

starts from the paired ventricles of cerebrum
a series of connected and unpaired cavities in the core of brainstem
then exits the ventricular system
enters the suarachnoid space via openings or apertures located near where the cerebrum is attached to the brainstem
it is absorbed by blood vesels via arachnoid villi

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7
Q

what is the meningeal layer?

A

it is made up of 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid membrane and the pia maer

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8
Q

what is he dura mater?

A

its is a tough and inelastic bag that covers the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane?

A

the space is called the subdural space so if there is rupture to blood vessels, the blood builds up in the subdural space

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10
Q

what is the pia mater sepeated from the arachnoid membrane by?

A

the subarachnoid space

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the meningeal layers?

A

to prevent the vertabral column from coming directly in contact with the skull

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12
Q

(ventral surface of medulla) what are the parts of the olivary pyramid of the medulla?

A 
motor cerebellum
corticospal tract (a descending pathway)
pyrimidal decussation(the crossover)
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13
Q

where is the inferior olivary nucleus found, what is it involved in and what connections does it have ?

A

it is found in the MEDULLA OBLANGATA
involved in control and coordination of movement
It has connections with the vertal cortex and cerebrum

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14
Q

(dorsal surface of brainstem) what structures are present and what are their functions?

A 
superior colliculus (info about the eye movements)
inferior colliculus (auditory info)
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15
Q

what is the basal ganglia and what is its function?

A

it is a restricted collection of nerve cell bodies and regulation of initiation of movement, eye movements, balance and posture
also important role in reward and reinforcement

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16
Q

where is the substantia nigra located?

A

in the midbrain

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17
Q

why does some parts of the substantia nigra appear darker?

A

higher levels of dopamine-(found inpeople with Parkinsons disease)

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18
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

to relay sensory info between the cortex and brainstem : such as ear, eye, taste buds, skin, muscle BUT NOT SMELL
- role in awareness and alertness

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19
Q

what are the inputs of the cerebellum?

A 
moss fibres(brainstem)
& climbing fibres (inferior olivary nucleus)
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20
Q

where are the cell bodies of the primary somatic sensory neurons located ?

A

dorsal root ganglia

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21
Q

where does the corticospal tract cross the medline?

A

brainstem

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22
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus and what are the cells involved in this?

A

act as our spatial awarness

place cells

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23
Q

what are the two cells that the CNS is made of?

A

neurons or nerve cells

glial cells

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24
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain and their functions?

A

frontal lobe- thinking,mood and motor
parietal lobe- spatial awareness and coordination of movements
occipital- vision
temporal- hearing and language

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25
Q

what are the two language areas and what happens if these have injuries?

A

brocas area- you cannot speak

wernickes area- you cannot understand speech

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26
Q

what are the two types of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

ionotropic (ions in ligand gated ion channels)

metabotropic (signalling mechanism enzymes- initiates phosphorylation and change of conc)

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27
Q

what do the terms excitatory and inhibitory mean ?

A

excitatory- increasing the possibility of an action potential to be generated
inhibitory- less likely to generate a action potential

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28
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system involve?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular/secretory tissue -NOT BREATHING

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29
Q

name the 31 spinal nerves?

A 
cervical 8
thoracic 12 
lumbar 5
sacral 5
coccygeal 1
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30
Q

what roots make up the spinal nerves?

A

dorsal root(sensory) and ventral root(motor)

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31
Q

what are the direction of dorsal root and ventral roots?

A

dorsal root carry info away from the spinal cord

ventral root carry info to the spinal cord

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32
Q

define a dermatome?

A

are of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

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33
Q

what are shingles dormant after and where does the sensory axons travel to?

A

dormant after chicken pox

sensory axons travel down to one blister dermatome

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34
Q

what do the gray matter and white matter contain?

A

white matter is predominantly axons

gray matter is mainly made of cell bodies

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35
Q

what is the name of the ganglio thats found at the junction that seperates the CNS and the PNS and hwat does its structure not have?

A

the dorsal root ganglion

it does not have dendrites

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36
Q

what are the 2 ascending pathways?

A

dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract

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37
Q

define the spinothalamic tract?

A

a ascending somatic sensory pathway travelling from the spinal cord to the thalamus via lateral spinal column
mediates info about pain and temp (info ascends contralaterally)

38
Q

define the dorsal column pathway?

A

a ascending pathway from the white matter of the dorsal spinal cord
carries info of touch and proprioceptive axons to brainstem

39
Q

what is the 1 descending pathway and what is its function?

A

corticospinal tract
crosses and leads to pyrimidal decussation that allows that right motor cortex to directly command the left side of the body

40
Q

where are the schwann cells found and in which nervous system?

A

in the neural crest and in the PNS

41
Q

what organells do the myelinated axons contain?

A

axolemma
microtubule - bone
neurofilaments- connective tissue

42
Q

what is the function of fibroblast?

A

colagen reinforcement

43
Q

what are the two macroglia?

A

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

44
Q

what is neurulation?

A

the process of forming the neural tube from the neural plate

45
Q

location of neuroepithelial cells?

A

these line the ventricles of CNS froming the ventricular zone

46
Q

radial glia?

A

neuroepithelial cells give rise to radial glia

the cell bodies of radial glia remain in the ventricularzone but the processes extends to the pial surface

47
Q

when do radial glia line the ventricles of CNS?

A

at later stages

48
Q

where do some nuerons generated by glial cells migrate ?

A

along radial glia

49
Q

what are the subdivions of the neuroepithelial cells called?

A

progenitor domains

50
Q

what can be used to identify progenitor domains?

A

specific marker genes

51
Q

where do the oligodendrocytes originate from?

A

from the ventricular zone precursor cells in the ventral spinal cord then migrate away from the vz and populate the remaining developing CNS

52
Q

what is initiated when oligodendrocytes come in contact with axon?

A

differentiation

53
Q

what happens during axon ensheathment?

A

the initiator process extends and spirals arounf the axon

54
Q

how many axons do oligodendrocytes myleniate?

A

multiple axons within close proximity of their cell bodies

55
Q

what is happening during remodelling?

A

non ensheathment processes are lost

56
Q

what is happening during ensheathemt?

A

the non compact myelin ensheaths the axon

57
Q

what happens during maturation?

A

the oligodendrocyte sheath wrap produces a compact myelin

58
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier and what are found inin them ?

A

they are the gaps within the myelin sheath

clusters of voltage gated na channels are found

59
Q

what direction do myelin grow?

A

longitudinally

60
Q

what does the myelination prevent?

A

leakage into internodal membrane so flows farther along the axon

61
Q

what are the four types of astrocytes and where are they located?

A

fibrious- predominant in the white matter of cns
protoplasmic- found in the gray matter of cns
bergmann glia- found in the cerebellum
mullar glia- found in the retina

62
Q

where have astrocytes originate from?

A
  • from the radial glia cells during embryogenesis

- some are produced from the transformation of glial cells during the end of neurogenesis

63
Q

what are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

A

-structural support
-metabolic support
-removal of neurotransmitter from extracellular space
-regulation of extracellular ion conc & ph
-involved in synaptic formation and synaptic elimination by releasing cerytain factors
regulation and formation of blood brain barrier

64
Q

explain the blood brain barrier?

A

produced by vascular endophelium
allows specific substances to enter the CNS via blood
astrocytes have endfeet with receptors or channels that regulate the interface surface between the brain and the blood

65
Q

how do astrocytes act as a glutamate sink?

A

they have receptors that are like the ones on the postsynaptic neuron
converts glutamate into glutamine which is released to be take up by the presynaptic neuron
also produces substances like ATP which help modulate synaptic transmission

66
Q

where are the adult neural stem cells found?

A

in the subventricular zone

67
Q

what does the subventricular zone do?

A

supplies the olfactory bulb with new neurons throughout life

68
Q

what is heterogeinity?

A

stem cells of different regions of the subventricular zone generate a restricted neuronal subtypes

69
Q

what do microglia originate from?

A

blood derived macrophages outside the CNS

70
Q

what are microglia responsible for?

A

immune system and brain defence

71
Q

where have the microglia originated and descended from?

A

originate from the myeloid lineage

descend from feotal macrophages

72
Q

development pathway of microglia?

A

the feotal machrophages enter the neural tube t early embyonic stages
transforms into embryonic microglia
in the prenatal brain the amoeboid microglia are found in the white matter the divide rapidly and migrates to the overlying cortex
in adult brain the microglia are distributed everywhere

73
Q

what do microglia do at resting state?

A
  • scan their territories

- constantly moving to look for damage signals

74
Q

what are the 3 stages of the activationprocess of microglia?

A
  • ramified state- small cell body, thin and mobile processes, multiple branching
  • activated state- enlargement of cell body, refraction and thickening of the processes, damage signals come from neurons, glia or other cells
  • phagocytic state- under condition of neuronal or synaptic/terminal degenration(cell death), signals froma dying or dead neuron or glia
75
Q

where are schwann cells found?

A

in the neural crest

76
Q

how is the neural crest formed?

A

the neural folds come together and a section of the ectoderm comes off to lie laterally to neural tube- this tissue is called the neural crest

77
Q

how many axons does the schwann cell myelinate and which nervous system is it involved in?

A

one axon

peripheral nervous system

78
Q

what are the functions of the non myelinating schwann cells?

A
  • surround the axons

- support and separate the unmyelinated axons

79
Q

what are the functions of myelinating schwann cells?

A

to ensheath and myelinate axons in the PNS

80
Q

what is the schwann cell response during a wallerian degenration (injury)?

A
  • differentiate and take part in phagocytosis of their own myelin sheath
  • recruit macrophages to clear up the myelin debris
  • successful axon regeneration
  • the myelin thats is produced is of reduced thickness
81
Q

name four of the other glia cells in the pns and where they are located?

A
  • olfactory ensheathing cells- envelop axons of the olfactory nerve
  • satellite cells- covers the neuronal cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglion cells
  • entric glia- entric system of the PNS
  • terminal glia- found in the terminals of skeletol neuromuscular junctions
82
Q

where do mullar glia originate from?

A

the retinal neuroepithelial cells

83
Q

what are the 3 layers of the retina?

A
  • outer nuclear layer: photoreceptors are located here
  • inner nuclear layer: mullar glia cells are here
  • ganglion cell layer: ganglion cells send signals to the brain
84
Q

what are the functions of the mullar glia?

A

-vision: guides photoreceptors to the light
-structural and functional support of retina
regualtion of retinal hemoestasis
-expresses progenitor like genes and generates neurons under special conditions
- supports neurons; by recycling neurotransmitters and controlling the ionic balance in extracellular space

85
Q

where is the bergmann glia found?

A

in the cerebellum

86
Q

which ventricle does the bergmann glia arise from?

A

the fourth ventricles of the neuroepithelium cells

87
Q

what does the bergmann glia form intimate relationship with?

A

the dendrites of the purkinje cells which are inhibitory neurons that are a source of the output for the cerebellar cortex

88
Q

what 2 transporters does the bergmann glia express?

A

GABA and glutamate transporters

these are involved in synaptic clearance

89
Q

what does the photoactivation of bergmann glia activate?

A

the neuronal activity of purkinje cells by releasing glutamate

90
Q

why does the bergmann glia have long radial fibres?

A

to extend towards the pial surface

to guide radial migration of immature neurons

neur1005 (4 decks)

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