Step 2 Flashcards
Cause of hemophilia A
Factor VIII
Hemophilia B is Factor IX
What is considered precocious puberty?
Girls 8 or younger
Boys 9 or younger
What causes precocious puberty in obese children?
Isolated premature adrenarche
Oily hair/skin, pubic/axillary hair, acne. Generally will not have menarche/thelarche.
Mediated by DHEA-S
Where does the abdomen begin with regard to penetrating injury?
Anything below the nipple is considered to involve abdomen and thorax until proven otherwise.
Indications for ex-lap after penetrating injury
Injury to abdomen or chest below nipples with:
- HD instability
- Peritoneal signs
- Evisceration
Symptoms of Wilson’s Dz
Liver disease (children/adolescents) Neuropsych disturbances (tremor, rigidity, depression, catatonia)
Diagnosis of Wilson’s dz
Ceruloplasmin
What is seen on liver biopsy in A1AT deficiency?
Emphysema & early liver failure
PAS-positive and diastase-resistant granules
What drugs cause intersitial nephritis?
Cephalosporins Penicillins Sulfa drugs NSAIDs Phenytoin Allopurinol
Symptoms of drug-induced interstitial nephritis
Arthralgias
Rash
Acute renal failure
Eosinophilic casts in urine
How long for exclusive breastfeeding?
First 6mo of life
Maternal benefits of breastfeeding
Reduced risk of ovarian and breast cancer
Infant benefits of breastfeeding
Prevention of AOM, NEC, respiratory infx, UTI
Decreased risk of T1DM & childhood cancer
Contraindications to breastfeeding
Galactosemia Untreated maternal TB Maternal HIV infection Peripartum maternal varicella infx Chemoradiation Alcohol or drug abuse
Appearance of herpes lesions
Painful
Multiple, small, shallow, grouped ulcers
Tender LAD
Appearance of H. ducreyi infection
Single or multiple, painful
DEEP ulcers with ragged border
Base may have exudate
Matted LN’s can rupture
Which STI ulcers are painful vs. painless
Painful: Herpes, Chancroid (H. ducreyi)
Painless: Syphilis, Chlamydia, Klebsiella granulomatis
Presentation of acute syphilis infection
Single, well-circumscribed painless ulcer
Clean base
Nontender LAD
Presentation of Chlamydial ulcers L1-L3 serovars
Small shallow painless ulcers
Painful buboes
Immune complex-mediated nephritic syndromes
Postinfectious GN
IgA nephropathy
Diagnosis of post-infectious GN
Oliguria, edema, HTN, coca cola colored urine, recent pharyngitis
Low serum C3
ASO titer
Treatment of IgA nephropathy
Glucocorticoids
ACEi’s if proteinuria present
What are the types of nephritic syndrome?
Immune complex:
- -Postinfectious GN
- -IgA nephropathy
Pauci-immune:
–Wegener’s granulomatosis
Anti-GBM:
- -Goodpasture’s syndrome
- -Alport’s syndrome
Treatment of Wegener’s GN
High dose corticosteroids & cytotoxic agents
Treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome
Plasma exchange
Pulsed steroids
What is seen in Alport syndrome?
Hematuria
Sensorineural deafness
Eye disorders
Presents in boys 5-20y
Symptoms of nephritic syndrome
Proteinuria Hematuria Azotemia RBC casts Oliguria Hypertension
Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
Proteinuria (>3.5g per day)
Albumin low
Lipids high
Edema
What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?
Minimal change disease FSGS Membranous nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy Lupus nephritis Renal amyloidosis Membranoproliferative nephropathy
Treatment of minimal change disease
Steroids
Most children have a full recovery
Things associated with FSGS
Black
IV drug use
HIV
Obesity
Histologic forms of diabetic nephropathy
Diffuse hyalinization Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules)
Causes of renal amyloidosis
Primary: Multiple myeloma
Secondary: infectious/inflammatory (TB, RA, etc.)
Apple green birefringence on Congo red staining
Amyloidosis
Causes of membranoproliferative nephropathy
HCV
Cryoglobulinemia
SLE
Bacterial endocarditis
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome
Protein & salt restriction
Immunosuppression (for some forms)
ACEi’s
PPV23 immunization
Most common causes of acute unilateral lymphadenitis in children
Normally bacterial: Staph aureus or GAS
Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Photophobia
Dry/scaly skin
Dry conjunctiva and cornea
Symptoms of Beriberi
Thiamine deficiency
Infantile: Cardiomegaly, cyanosis, dyspnea, vomiting
Dry adult: Symmetrical peripheral neuropathy
Wet adult: Neuropathy + cardiac involvement
Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A
Pruritis Alopecia Fissuring of corners of the mouth Increased ICP Hepatomegaly
Crystals seen in pseudogout
Calcium pyrophosphate
Rhomboid, positive birefringence
Crystals seen in gout
Monosodium urate
Needle-shaped, negative birefringence
What immunizations are recommended in asplenic patients?
PCV13 then PPSV23
H. flu type B
Meningococcal
These should be given >2 weeks before or >2 weeks after splenectomy.
What are the primary humoral deficiencies?
X-linked agammaglobulinemia Common variable immunodeficiency IgA deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome IgG subclass deficiency
Lab findings in X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Recurrent sinopulmonary infx
Decreased or absent B cells
Decreased Ig’s
Lab findings in CVID
Recurrent sinopulmonary infx
Normal B cells
Decreased Ig’s
Lab findings in hyper-IgM syndrome
Recurrent sinopulmonary infx
Normal B cells
Decreased IgG and IgA
Increased IgM
Causes of abnormal uterine bleeding
PALM-COEIN
Polyps Adenomyosis Leiomyoma Malignancy and hyperplasia Coagulopathy Ovulatory dysfunction/anovulatory cycles Endometrial Iatrogenic Not otherwise classified
Indications for endometrial biopsy
Women >45 with irregular menstrual bleeding
Any postmenopausal bleeding
Symptoms of thalamic stroke
Contralateral hemianesthesia
Dysesthesia (pain with light touch, aka thalamic phenomenon)
Transient hemiparesis, athetosis, or hemiballismus
Treatment of toxoplasma
Sulfadiazine and pyrimethramine
When do opioid abusers develop withdrawal?
What are the symptoms?
Begins 6-12h
Peaks 24-48h
n/v/d, restlessness, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, myalgias, dysphoria
Symptoms of constrictive pericarditis
Peripheral edema Ascites Elevated JVP Pericardial knock (mid-diastolic) Pericardial calcifications on CXR
Symptoms of posterior limb of internal capsule CVA
Unilateral motor impairment
No sensory or cortical deficits
Symptoms of CVA in the MCA
Contralateral sensory and motor deficit (face, arm, and leg)
Aphasia (if dominant), Hemineglect (if nondominant)
Eye deviation toward lesion
Homonymous hemianopia
Symptoms of an ACA infarction
Sensory and motor deficit of contralateral lower extremity
Frontal lobe symptoms (apraxia, abulia, emotional disturbances)
Treatment for frostbite
Rapid rewarming with warm water
Side effects of amiodarone
QT prolongation Chronic interstitial pneumonitis Hypo/hyperthyroidism Transaminitis Peripheral neuropathy Optic neuropathy Blue-gray skin discoloration
How is compartment syndrome diagnosed?
Compartment pressures > 30 mmHg
Delta pressure
ABG findings in CHF exacerbation
Hypoxia
Hypocapnea
Resp alkalosis
ABG findings in COPD exacerbation
Hypoxia
Hypercapnea
Resp acidosis
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
CD4
What is considered oliguria?
Treatment of wounds for tetanus
If received 3+ doses of tetanus toxoid:
- -Clean wound: vaccine if >10y since last dose
- -Dirty wound: vaccine if >5y since last dose
Unimmunized or Uncertain:
- -Clean wound: vaccine only
- -Dirty wound: vaccine plus tetanus Ig
Timing of post-MI complications
Same day: CHF
2-4 days: Acute pericarditis, arrhythmia
5-10 days: Free wall rupture, papillary muscle rupture
Weeks-months: Ventricular aneurysm
Lipid levels considered to be dyslipidemia
LDL > 130
or
HDL
Indications for CABG
UnLimiTeD
Unable to perform PCI
Left main coronary artery
Triple vessel disease
Depressed ventricular function
Symptoms of TCA overdose
Treatment for TCA overdose
CNS depression, hypotension, anticholinergic (mydriasis, dry flushed skin, ileus), QRS prolongation
Tx: Sodium bicarb
What is seen with anterior cord syndrome?
Total loss of motor function below lesion
Loss of pain/temperature sensation
Preservation of proprioception
When is orchiopexy performed?
If testes still undescended by 6mo they are unlikely to do so
Should be performed before 1y
Complications of cryptorchidism
Inguinal hernia
Testicular torsion
Subfertility
Testicular cancer
Definition of menorrhagia
Prolonged or heavy menstruation
Longer than 7d or >80 cc
How is ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?
+hCG level
Empty uterus +/- fetus observed on adnexal US
What immunizations are routinely given during pregnancy?
Tdap
IPV
What immunizations are contraindicated during pregnancy?
HPV MMR (wait 4 weeks) Varicella (wait 4 weeks) Smallpox Live-attenuated influenza (wait 4 weeks)
Side effects of cyclophosphamide
How to mitigate
Acute hemorrhagic cystitis (acrolein-mediated)
Bladder cancer (acrolein-mediated)
Sterility
Myelosuppression
Administer MESNA with cyclophosphamide along with lots of IVF.
What bacteria in the blood should raise suspicion for colorectal cancer?
Strep gallolyticus (Strep bovis Type 1)
What is the treatment for acute angle closure glaucoma?
IV Acetazolamide
Eventual laser peripheral iridotomy
What is seen with open angle glaucoma?
Insidious loss of peripheral vision resulting in tunnel vision
Clinical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis
How is it diagnosed?
10-30y male with spinal stiffness & low back pain for >3mo. Lasts >30 mins in the morning and better with activity. Tenderness over SI joints.
Diagnose with spinal x-ray showing fused SI joints or bamboo spine
What is the initial management of ruptured esophageal varices?
Volume resuscitation
IV octreotide
Antibiotics
Then endoscopic sclerotherapy or band ligation
Treatment of acute pancreatitis
Analgesics
IVF
NPO
NG tube
What are the secondary causes of HTN?
Renal parenchymal disease Renal artery stenosis Primary hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma Cushing syndrome Hypothyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism Coarctation of the aorta
Causes of Cushing’s syndrome
Exogenous glucocorticoids
Ectopic ACTH production (SCLC)
ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas
What are the types of tremors?
Essential
Parkinson’s dz
Cerebellar
Physiologic
Characteristics of essential tremor
Bilateral action tremor of the hands
Relieved with alcohol
No other neurologic signs
Clinical presentation of opioid intoxication
Decreased respiratory rate (most reliable sign)
Hypotension
Hypothermia
Obtunded
What Ig’s are associated with PBC?
Anti-mitochondrial Ab’s
Also high ALK, cholesterol, and IgM
What Ig’s are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle Ab’s
What Ig’s are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-Smith Ab’s
How to differentiate exudative vs. transudative pleural effusion
Exudate has at least ONE of the following:
- -Pleural fluid protein/serum protein ratio > 0.5
- -Pleural LDH/serum LDH > 0.6
- -Pleural LDH > 60
What makes a parapneumonic effusion complicated?
pH empyema
Treatment of parapneumonic effusion
Uncomplicated –> abx
Complicated –> abx +/- chest tube drainage
Empyema –> abx + chest tube drainage
What drugs can cause drug-induced lupus?
HIPP: Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Procainamide, Phenytoin
Causes of transudative pleural effusion
CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Causes of exudative pleural effusion
Pneumonia (parapneumonic effusion) TB Malignancy PE RA/SLE Pancreatitis Trauma
Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis
Erythromycin ointment
Polymixin-trimethoprim drops
Azithromycin drops
FQ drops (preferred if contacts are worn)
Most common cause of viral conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
Treatment for pinworm infection
Mebendazole
Confirm diagnosis with scotch tape test
Murmur heard from VSD
Holosystolic murmur at LLSB
Apical diastolic rumble
Murmur of ASD
Widely split, fixed S2
Systolic ejection murmur at LUSB
What is part of the tetralogy of fallot complex
VSD
Overriding aorta
RVH
RV outflow obstruction
What causes urinary retention 2/2 anticholinergics?
Decreased detrusor contraction
How is angle closure glaucoma diagnosed?
Tonometry
Gonioscopy
How is Boerhaave syndrome diagnosed
CT or Gastrografin esophagography
CXR: Pneumomediastinum and pleural effusions
Pleural fluid analysis has high amylase (>2500)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Diagnosis of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
1) Anti-Jo-1 Ab’s
2) Muscle biopsy
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
ANA
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-Smith
What antibodies are associated with RA?
Anti-CCP
Rheumatoid factor
What antibodies are associated with CREST syndrome?
Anti-centromere
What antibodies are associated with drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What antibodies are associated with PBC?
Antimitochondrial
What antibodies are associated with Scleroderma?
ANA
Anti-Scl-70
Anti-topoisomerase I
What antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ dz?
Anti-TSH receptor
What antibodies are associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What antibodies are associated with MCTD?
U1RNP antibody
What does Prussian Blue staining detect?
Hemosiderin
What is seen in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromas
Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
Optic glioma
Eye deviation in hemiparesis
Thalamic lesion - eyes deviate Toward hemiparesis
Cerebral lobe - eyes deviate Contralateral from hemiparesis
Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Usually tumor is found in small intestine
What is the classic brain lesion caused by status epilepticus?
Cortical laminar necrosis
What cancer rates are affected by COC’s?
COC’s reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer rates
Causes of primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sex characteristics
Pregnancy
Mullerian agenesis (2/3 of vagina and uterus missing)
Imperforate hymen
Androgen insensitivity (absent pubic hair)
How is bone age used to workup primary amenorrhea?
If bone age is 12+ and no development - likely a HPG axis problem
If bone age is under 12 - likely constitutional delay
Initial workup for secondary amenorrhea
Pregnancy test
TSH
Prolactin level
If all normal, proceed to progestin challenge
What to order if progestin challenge produces a withdrawal bleed
LH
If decreased –> idiopathic anovulation
If increased –> PCOS or premature menopause
What to order if no withdrawal bleed after progestin challenge
FSH
Elevated –> Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Decreased –> cyclic E2/Pr test to differentiate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism vs. endometrial/anatomic problem
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
What is a normal AFI?
5-20
At what EFW would you deliver by planned c-section due to macrosomia?
No DM: 5,000g
DM: 4,500g
What maternal titer is considered Rh-sensitized?
1:16
So 1:20, 1:32, etc.
Definition of PROM and PPROM
PROM: Rupture 1h or more before onset of labor
PPROM: Rupture between 20-37w
What blood loss is considered postpartum hemorrhage?
500cc via vaginal delivery
1000cc via c-section
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Tone (atony)
Tissue (retained placental tissue)
Trauma (of genital tract)
Thrombin (coagulopathy)
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Solitary pulmonary nodule workup
Nonsmoker - compare to old CXR. Q3mo CXR’s. If stable for 12mo considered benign.
Smoker:
- Chest CT
- FNA
Treatment for neonatal thyrotoxicosis
Methimazole + beta-blocker
Caused by maternal anti-TSH receptor Ab’s
Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of mixed cryoglobulinemia
Purpura
Arthralgias
Weakness
Membranoproliferative GN
Symptoms of galactosemia
Newborn with:
- FTT
- Bilateral cataracts
- Jaundice
- Hypoglycemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Treatment of hypercalcemia 2/2 malignancy
Short term: Normal saline, Calcitonin
Long term: Bisphosphonates
Mutation seen in cri-du-chat syndrome
5p deletion
Difference between gestational and chronic HTN
Chronic HTN if present before 20w or persists after 12w postpartum
Gestational HTN if presents after 20w
Definition of preeclampsia
1) New-onset HTN after 20w or worsened chronic HTN
2) Proteinuria of over 300mg/24h (3+ proteins)
Murmur of transposition of the great vessels
Single S2
+/- VSD murmur
Most common early cyanotic dz
Murmur of tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonic stenosis murmur
VSD murmur
Treatment of transposition of the great vessels
Prostaglandins early (to maintain PFO) Emergent surgery
Treatment of impetigo
Non-bullous (honey crusts) - Topical mupirocin
Bullous - Oral abx
Symptoms of multiple myeloma
Calcium elevated
Renal dysfunction
Anemia
Bone lesions/Back pain
Indications for carotid endarterectomy
Symptomatic 70-99%
Men asymptomatic 60-99%
ESR and CK in glucocorticoid myopathy
Both normal
Painless weakness
ESR and CK in Polymyalgia Rheumatica
ESR elevated
CK normal
ESR and CK in statin-induced myopathy
ESR normal
CK elevated
How to differentiate saline-responsive vs. saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis
Saline-responsive: Urine chloride under 20
Saline-resistant: Urine chloride over 20
Saline responsive is 2/2 vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic abuse
Saline resistant is 2/2 hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s, hypokalemia
What cancers are seen with HNPCC?
Colon cancer
Endometrial cancer
What cancers are associated with nephrotic syndromes?
Adenocarcinoma - membranous nephropathy
Lymphoma - Minimal change disease
Treatment of uric acid kidney stones
Oral potassium citrate
Citrate alkalinizes the urine and inhibits crystallization
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in posttransplant patients
Bactrim for PCP
Immunize against Influenza, pneumococcus, and HBV
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
24-28w
TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels in pregnancy
TSH down
Total T4 way up
Free T4 slightly up
Because beta-hCG has TSH-like activity and estrogen increases TBG
Paraneoplastic syndromes of SCLC
ACTH (Cushing’s)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung SCC
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
Posterior urethral valves
Can cause Potter’s sequence and hydronephrosis in-utero
Treatment for diabetic distal neuropathy
1) TCA’s
2) Gabapentin
EPS side effects of antipsychotics
Acute dystonic reaction (neck, mouth, tongue, EOM)
Akithisia (restlessness)
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia (after 1-6mo)
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with unconjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Gilbert’s - mild and occurs with fasting and stress
Crigler-Najjar - Severe with early death
Which hereditary hyperbilirubinemias present with conjugated hyperbili?
What is the difference?
Rotor’s syndrome - normal appearing liver
Dubin-Johnson - Black liverf
Treatment of the hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
Crigler-Najjar I - Phenobarbital
Crigler-Najjar II - Plasmapheresis, phototherapy, liver transplant
Dubin-Johnson, Rotor’s, Gilbert’s do not require treatment.
Lab/vitals abnormalities of LBW infants
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Polycythemia
What electrolyte derangements are seen with significant emesis?
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Loss of HCl in vomit
Angiotensin II –> HCO3 resorption
Aldosterone –> H+ secretion and K+ secretion
Superior sulcus tumor possible symptoms
Horner syndrome
Pancoast (ulnar pain distribution, shoulder weakness)
Hoarseness (RLN)
SVC syndrome
Divisions of mediastinum and their masses
Anterior: 4 T’s (thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma)
Middle: Bronchogenic cyst, tracheal tumor, pericardia cyst, lymphoma
Posterior: Neurogenic tumors
Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
When can chorionic villous sampling be done?
Amniocentesis?
CVS: 9-14w
Amniocentesis: 15-22w
When to swab for GBS
35w
Quad screen results for Edwards syndrome
UNDERaged at 18
All are down
Quad screen results for Down syndrome
2up 2down at 21
Treatment of HIV in pregnancy
1) Zidovudine or Nevirapine during pregnancy
2) Elective c-section if viral load over 1000
3) Zidovudine for infant
4) No breastfeeding
Normal fetal heart rate
Causes for bradycardia or tachycardia
110-160 bpm
Brady - Congenital heart malformations, hypoxia
Tachy - Hypoxia, maternal fever, fetal anemia
Normal variability on FHT
6-25 bpm
What does sinusoidal variability on FHT indicate?
Serious fetal anemia
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Prophylaxis in HIV patients
200 = PCP = Bactrim 150 = Histoplasma = Itraconazole 100 = Toxoplasma = Bactrim 50 = MAC = Azithromycin
Pathogens that cause Guillan-Barre
Campylobacter Herpes viruses Mycoplasma H. flu HIV Immunizations Lymphoma/Sarcoid/SLE
Treatment of mastitis
Continue breastfeeding
Abx that cover staph
Where does breast cancer metastasize to?
Bone
Lung
Liver
Initial workup of a breast mass
Over 30 - mammogram
Under 30 - US
Can follow with FNA, core needle, or open biopsy
Medical treatment of breast cancer
If hormone receptor positive - Tamoxifen
HER2/neu positive - Trastuzumab
ER- patients - chemo
These will all be accompanied by lumpectomy or modified radical mastectomy
Treatment of mastitis
Continue breastfeeding
Abx that cover staph
Where does breast cancer metastasize to?
Bone
Lung
Liver
Initial workup of a breast mass
Over 30 - mammogram
Under 30 - US
Can follow with FNA, core needle, or open biopsy
Medical treatment of breast cancer
If hormone receptor positive - Tamoxifen
HER2/neu positive - Trastuzumab
ER- patients - chemo
These will all be accompanied by lumpectomy or modified radical mastectomy
List of X-linked recessive disorders
GOLD FOB Holds His Watch
G6PD deficiency Ocular albinism Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne's muscular dystrophy Fabry's disease OTC deficiency Bruton's agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia Hunter's syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Findings in Down syndrome
Mental retardation Prominent epicanthal folds Simian crease Duodenal atresia ASD Increased risk of ALL and Alzheimer's
Down syndrome quad screen results
AFP, b-hCG, Estriol, Inhibin A
Down Up Down Up
Edwards’ syndrome quad screen results
AFP, b-hCG, Estriol, Inhibin A
Down Down Down Normal
What is the CHA2DS2VASc score?
For nonvalvular AF
CHF HTN Age 75+ (2 points) DM Stroke/TIA/Thromboembolism (2 points) Vascular dz Age 65-74 Sex category (females)
0 = nothing 1 = ASA or anticoagulation 2+ = anticoagulation
Pure motor hemiparesis CVA
Lacunar stroke in the posterior limb of the internal capsule
Causes of increased maternal serum AFP
Neural tube defects
Ventral wall defects
Multiple gestation
Cephalohematoma vs. Caput succedaneum
Cephalohematoma - subperiosteal bleeding. Does not cross suture lines
Caput succedaneum - Scalp swelling. Diffuse across suture lines.
How is endometrial hyperplasia managed?
Without atypia - Progestin therapy and repeat biopsy at 3mo
With atypia - Hysterectomy (if no future children planned)
Treatment of caustic ingestion
ABC’s
Decontaminate skin/clothes
Endoscopy within 24h
Differential of delayed passage of meconium (48h)
Hirschsprung dz - Rectosigmoid Meconium ileus (CF) - Ileum
When to administer vaccines to preterm infants
According to chronologic age.
Only exception is wait on HBV at birth if infant is under 2kg.
Treatment of PNH
Iron and Folate
Eculizumab (complement inhibitor)
Murmur of HOCM
Systolic at LUSB
Treatment of HOCM
Beta blockers
Allow more time for diastolic filling
What opening pressure is diagnostic of pseudotumor cerebri?
Over 250 mm H20 in the right clinical setting
Most common causes of chronic cough (8+ weeks)
Postnasal drip
Asthma
GERD
How to distinguish Cobalamin and Folate deficiency
MMA levels
Increased MMA - Cobalamin deficiency
Normal MMA - Folate deficiency
What is increased/decreased with Folate or B12 deficiency?
Homocysteine is increased
Methionine is decreased
Skin manifestation associated with IBD
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Skin manifestation of Pseudomonas bacteremia
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Treatment of MS
Corticosteroids for acute exacerbations
Interferons
Test used to detect cysteinuria
Urinary cyanide nitroprusside test
Blue = cysteine present
Treatment of absence seizures
Ethosuximide
Side effects of phenytoin
Gingival hypertrophy
Hirsutism
Rash
LAD
Most common causes of osteomyelitis
Staph aureus is most common
Pseudomonas if a puncture wound through shoe
Salmonella or Staph aureus in sickle cell patients
What proteins does warfarin inhibit?
Factors II, VII, IX, X
Protein C and S
All are vitamin K-dependent
What cancer are PCOS women at risk for?
Endometrial (androgens converted to estrogens peripherally)
Treatment for a PPD positive HIV patient
PPD is positive if 5mm+ of induration
Tx: INH and Pyridoxine for 9mo
Side effects of INH
Injures Neuronsand Hepatocytes
Neuropathy
Hepatitis
Pyridoxime can prevent neuropathy but not hepatitis
What is considered a positive PPD?
5mm - HIV or other risk factors, close TB contacts
10mm - Homeless, developing countries, IVDA, healthcare workers, inmates
15mm - Everyone else
When is bedwetting abnormal?
Over age 5y
When do you give Anti-D Ig?
1) 28-32w gestation
2) Within 72h of delivery (if infant is Rh+) or abortion
3) Chorionic villous sampling or amniocentesis
4) 2nd or 3rd trimester bleeding
5) Ectopic or molar pregnancy
When do you screen for GBS?
35-37w
Symptoms of Behcets syndrome
Recurrent oral ulcers (required)
Recurrent genital ulcers
Uveitis
Skin lesions - erythema nodosum or pustular lesions
Can involve GI, skeletal, vascular systems
Most often seen in Turkish, Asian, and Middle Eastern
Symptoms of reactive arthritis
Urethritis
Conjunctivitis
Mucocutaneous lesions
Arthritis
Facial dysmorphisms of fetal alcohol syndrome
Small palpebral fissures
Smooth philtrum
Thin vermilion border
Body dysmorphisms of Fragile X syndrome
Long narrow face
Large ears
Prominent forehead and chin
Macroorchidism
Congenital CMV symptoms
SNHL Blindness Jaundice and HSM Petechiae Developmental delay
Congenital Rubella symptoms
SNHL Cataracts HSM Purpura Developmental delay
Lead points for intussusception
Under 2y: Peyer’s patch
Children over 2: Meckels diverticulum, HSP
Adults:Tumor
Treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Carbamazepine
What are the mature defense mechanisms?
SASH
- Suppression
- Altruism
- Sublimation
- Humor
Where to perform needle thoracostomy
Midclavicular line 2nd intercostal space
Treatment for Tinea versicolor
Topical selenium sulfide or ketoconazole
Symptoms of hereditary angioedema
Rapid-onset edema of the face, limbs, larynx, and genitals
Colicky abdominal pain
Drug usedto treat tremor in Parkinson’s
Trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergic)
Which anemia has increased MCHC?
Hereditary spherocytosis
What are the microcytic anemias?
Iron deficiency
Lead intoxication
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Causes of postop fever
Wind - pneumonia, PE, aspiration POD3 Water- UTI POD5 Walking - DVT POD7 Wound - POD 7-10 Wonderdrugs - Drug fever, IV sites, blood - Any time
Difference between intermittent and recurrent variable decels
Over 50% of contractions show a decel
Intermittent - expectant mgmt
Recurrent - O2, change maternal position, +/- amnioinfusion
What lung cancers are peripheral vs central?
Peripheral: Adenocarcinoma, Large cell carcinoma
Central: SCC, SCLC
Differential for anterior mediastinal mass
4T’s: Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid neoplasm, Terrible lymphoma
*Teratoma includes other germ cell tumors
Serum markers in germ cell tumors
Seminoma = beta-hCG
Other germ cell tumors = AFP and beta-hCG