stem-modification

Question 1

types of modification

Answer 1

sub aerial- runner, stolon, sucker, offest
underground-tuber, rhizome , Corn , bulb
aerial-stem tendril, stem thorns , phylloclads , cladoda

Question 2

runner

Answer 2

eg. grass, cynodon (doob)

elongated prostrate branch with long internodes and roots arise from nodes

Question 3

stolon

Answer 3

eg.jasmine ,mint

a slender lateral branch arises from base of main branch and growing aerially for some time and then touches the ground

Question 4

sucker

Answer 4

eg. banana , pineapple , chrysanthemum
lateral branches which arise from the basal part and the underground part of the stem and grow in soil for some time , continue a nd ground and then become aerial shoot

Question 5

offset

Answer 5

eg . pistia and eicchornia (water hyacinth ) short internodes , nodes distance decrease an d each node bears rosette of leave and tuff of roots

Question 6

tuber

Answer 6

eg. potato
terminal portion of underground stem is swollen due to accumulation of food
eyes present , axillary buds surrounded by scaly leaves

Question 7

rhizome

Answer 7

fleshy stem grow horizontally
small nodes and internodes covered by scaly leaves
eg. ginger, turmeric , banana , waterlily, canna

Question 8

corn

Answer 8

grow vertically , condensed ,

eg calocasia , alocasia , zaminland , saffron , colchium

Question 9

bulb

Answer 9

stem is reduced and disc - like and surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves
eg . onion , garlic

Question 10

stem tendril

Answer 10

axillary bud -> tendrils

eg . passiflora , grapes, watermelon , cucumbers , pumpkins

Question 11

stem thorns

Answer 11

axillary bud -> thorns 
bougenvillia 
carissa (karonda)
pomegranate 
citrus

Question 12

phylloclade

Answer 12

leaves->spines
stem->fleshy flat (opuntia)
->cylindrical(euphorbia )
green structure ->photosynthesis

Question 13

cladodes

Answer 13

eg asparagus and rusus

stem modified to form food , smaller than phylloclade