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Living Systems > Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering > Flashcards

Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first stem cell therapy created and what was it?

A

1968 - bone marrow transplant

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2
Q

What 2 conditions must a cell fulfill to be classed as a stem cell?

A

Be capable of self-renewal

Give rise to multiple types of cells

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3
Q

What are stem cells classified on?

A 
Differentiation potential (potency)
Source
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4
Q

What are unipotent stem cells?

A

Cells that can only give rise to a single type of cell, make up the majority of the bodys cell types

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5
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

Can give rise to multiple types of cells, are unable to generate all cell types of the 3 germ layers

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6
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

Can generate all cell types of the 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

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7
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

Only type of cell capable of producing and supporting the development of a whole organism (fertilised ovum)
4 germ layers (endoder, mesoderm, ectoderm and trophectoderm)

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8
Q

What type of stem cell is derived from adult tissue?

A

Multipotent - can be extracted from neural tissue, bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood etc.

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9
Q

Name the 2 different types of adult stem cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells - present in bone marrow, produce blood cells and immune cells
Mesenchymal stem cells - found in multiple locations

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10
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells derived from?

A

Inner mass of a developing embryo (blastocyst)

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11
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

A

Artificially created stem cells

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12
Q

How are iPS made?

A

Unipotent cell from adult id taken, genes associated with the regulation of pluripotency are activated

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13
Q

What are the genes associated with pluripotency?

A

Oct3/4
Sox2
Klf4
C-MyC

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14
Q

How was the first iPS cell discovered?

A

Yamanaka’s team in Kyoto uni selected 24 genes shown to be important to ES cells, virally transfected inot adult mouse fibroblast, deleted genes 1 by 1 and identified 4 essential genes

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15
Q

Name 3 applications of stem cells

A

Bone marrow transplant
Potential therapies in development e.g. neuronal disorders, heart diseases etc.
Tissue engineering

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16
Q

What is tissue engineering?

A

An field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve tissue function/whole organs

17
Q

What are the 4 basic principles of tissue engineering?

A
  1. Reproduce whole organs or parts of the body for therapeutic use
  2. Address the problem of organ donation
  3. Remove the problem of organ rejection
  4. Produce bespoke organs that are biologically compatible with patient
18
Q

What are the main steps of tissue engineering?

A 
Biopsy
Cell isolation
Cell cultivation
Cell proliferation
Add scaffold
Tissue development (growth factor & mechanical stimulus)
Implantation
19
Q

What 3 factors do most tissue engineering strategies employ?

A
  1. Biological source - the cells
  2. Supportive medium - replace extracellular matrix, the scaffold
  3. Environmental growth support - the bioreactor
20
Q

Describe the steps of tissue engineering

A
  1. Extract cells from a tissue source e.g. bone
  2. Cells seeded onto an appropriate scaffold
  3. Grow implant in a bioreactor
  4. Reimplantation
21
Q

What are the 4 sources of cells?

A

Autologous - obtained from the patient who will be reimplanted
Allogenic - from a donor
Xenogenic - from a separate species
Syngenic/isogenic - not currently acheivable

22
Q

What are some advantages of autologous cells?

A

No risk of immune rejection
Biological activity perfectly matches activity of host
Lower risk of passing on pathogens/disorders

23
Q

What is a disadvantage of using autologous cells?

A

Number of cells is low due to senescence and loss of function

24
Q

What is senescence?

A

Cells only divide a certain number of times before stopping, if senescence isn’t functioning cancer occurs

25
Q

What is contact inhibitions?

A

Cells can inhabit neighbouring growth if no room left, requires cells to be split apart which can cause damage

26
Q

What are some advantages of using allogenic cells?

A

Greater number of cells

Off the shelf - cryopreservation for use when needed

27
Q

What are some disadvantages of using allogenic cells?

A

Rejection by host immune system - fibroblasts have been used in skin engineering without rejection
Risk of pathogen/disorders being passed to host

28
Q

What are some advantages of using xenogenic cells?

A

Greater number of cells - potentially limitless - using multiple donor organisms
Off the shelf - cryopreservation for use when needed

29
Q

What are some disadvantages of using xenogenic cells?

A

Rejection by host immune system
Risk of pathogen/disorders being passed to host
Biocompatibility issues

30
Q

What is the role of the scaffold in tissue engineering?

A

Provides a supportive structure designed to allow the desired biological mechanisms to occur

31
Q

Name some materials used for scaffold production?

A

Biological source - extracted ECM or purified matric protein or polysaccharide materials
Polymer - wide variety used
Metals

32
Q

What are some advantages of using a scaffold?

A

Doesn’t elicit an immune response
Many different ways of manufacturing them
Bioreabsorption is highly desired - material implanted is degraded over a defined period of time

33
Q

Why is the environmental growth support needed?

A

Cells and biological constructs cultured in vitro require environmental support
e.g. bioreactor

34
Q

What is a bioreactor?

A

Device designed to support a specific biological processes, cheaper if not used and less chance of harmful things being introduced

35
Q

What is autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)?

A

Type of tissue engineering used to treat cartilage damage (injury not disease)

36
Q

What are some problems associated with tissue engineering?

A

Replicating complexity
Issues of scale
Sources of cells - which is best for which organ?
Scaffold technology - approaches & materials
Economic costs - very expensive

Living Systems (3 decks)

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