Stem cells I and II Flashcards
animals with no vs many stem cells
c elegans- none
planarians- many stem cells, germline-like
annelids- adult cells often have similar markers to germline cells
protein often incorporated in stem cells in regenerating animals
Piwi
adult human stem cells
haemopoietic (found in the bone marrow)
also intestinal stem cells exist
study which proved the existence of the neural crest
Platt, 1890s- showed that the craniofacial skeleton can be derived from the neural crest
what was useful in revealing neural crest derivatives, and what are a few examples
chimera studies
enteric ganglia in the gut, cardiac septa, adrenal medulla
which crest cells migrate
EMTs, which switch to a more migratory fate after tube formation
signalling molecules important in the creation of the neural plate border
intermediate levels of BMP
Wnt and FGF leading to the transcription changes
TFs helping to induce cell migration
Snail, FoxD3
examples of some of the functions of proteins in EMTs
structural functions which physically aid migration
more regulatory proteins, helping cells specify correctly
pattern of neural crest migration
in ‘streams’ out of the neural tube
stem cell skin disease treatment
JEB- childhood disease caused by mutations in laminin at the basement membrane
insertion of ET gene into epidermal cells, which are then triggered into stem cells and from a transgenic epidermis which can be transplanted
collective name for TFs responsible for reprogramming activity
OSKM
pros and cons of using these TFs
can reprogram cells to ‘reset’ the epigenetic clock on cells, but using all 4 is oncogenic- still works with just OSK though
example of OSK use
axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells- has been done seemingly successfully in mice
whats an organoid
small sections of tissue which have been pushed towards specific cell fates from a stem cell and resemble small versions of the organ
