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MCT Exam 3 > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

___________ stem cells can give rise to all tissues and exist only transiently in embryos

A

Pluripotent

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2
Q

___________ stem cells give rise to multiple cell types in a tissue

A

Multipotent

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3
Q

____________ can rapidly expand a population of cells without the need for stem cell divisions

A

Transient Amplifying Progenitors cells (TA cells)

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4
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of __________ cell:
Reduce the accumulation of mutations in stem cells due to DNA replication errors
Cannot replenish a tissue over the long term without being replenished by stem cells (not defined as stem cells since they do not persist for the lifetime of the organism)

A

Transient Amplifying Progenitors cells (TA cells)

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5
Q

Properties of stem cells

A

Self renewal
Relatively undifferentiated or unspecialized
May divide infrequently
Relatively few in number
Persist for the lifetime of the organism, but the number may decline with age
Give rise to one or more differentiated cell types in a tissue

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6
Q

What is the ultimate assay for a stem cell? (requirement)

A

Ability to populate all cell lineages of a tissue in vivo over the lifetime of the organism

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7
Q

A cell or group of cells that allows a stem cell to maintain its identity and function

A

Stem cell “niche”

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8
Q

Properties of ______________:
Cells, matrix, blood vessels, nerves
Helps control stem cell division - may have specific necessary receptors or molecules
Dynamic structure that can respond to physiological needs through expansion
Can influence lineage choice
Often a balance between positive and negative signals

A

Stem cell “nice”

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9
Q

If the niche expands, then the number of stem cells may increase through _________ division

A

symmetric cell division

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10
Q

If the niche is depleted of stem close, progenitor cells may be recruited into it and be converted to stem cells by:

A

extrinsic signals from the niche

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11
Q

Signals from niche cells may impose _________ cell division, in which one daughter remains as a stem cell while the other is pushed out of the niche

A

asymmetrical

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12
Q

Pluripotential -can give rise to all the cell types of the body. Normally only transiently present in early mammalian embryo but can be maintained in culture indefinitely.

A

Embryonic stem cells

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13
Q

Pluripotential - can give rise to all the cell types of the body. Fully differentiated mature cell types “reprogrammed” back to the embryonic stem cell state

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

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14
Q

Multipotenital - can give rise to some but not all the cell types of the body. Present in most tissues and first studied in those that turn over rapidly (skin, blood, intestine, mammary gland)

A

Adult Stem Cells

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15
Q

The _____________ contains non polarized cells that are the source of embryonic stem cells in the blastocyst stage

A

inner cell mass (ICM)

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16
Q

The trophectoderm in the blastocyst stage is made of differentiated cells that will become the _________

A

placenta

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17
Q

Mouse ESCs can be injected into blastocyst and resulting mice will be ____________. Can affect gametes and enable transmission of genetic changes to offspring.

A

chimeras

18
Q

ESCs can be injected into a blastocyst where the endogenous ESCs are disabled because they are ____________. This is more efficient than just injection.

A

tetraploid

19
Q

ESCs can be prepared by culturing blastocysts (ICM) on a feeder layer of ___________.
First done in mice.
Then donated by humans (IVF).

A

Fibroblasts

20
Q

Extrinsic signals normally present transiently in the embryo are important for maintaining pluripotency or initiating differentiation. Insertion of the pluripotency gene transcription factors converts adult somatic cells (such as skin cells) into:

A

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

21
Q

Reprogramming to ______________ from fibroblasts with genes Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc (TFs)

A

pluripotency

22
Q

______________ of differentiated cells from one lineage to another would not need to be converted into iPSCs first
(such as transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into neurons, etc)

A

Direct reprogramming

23
Q

Common features of ______________:

  1. Initial activation: intrinsic vs. extrinsic
  2. Asymmetrically localized determinants
    a. cell polarity
    b. fate determinants
  3. Mitotic spindle orientation
A

Asymmetric Cell Division (ACD)

24
Q

Model for steps of __________:
Interphase: initial activation of ACD
Interphase: setting up cell axis/polarizing the cell (polarity determinants)
Pro-metaphase: Fate determinant segregation
Metaphase: Mitotic spindle orients in cell
Telophase: tight coordination segregates fate determinants to different cells

A

Asymmetric Cell Division (ACD)

25
Q

______________ is an essential concept for asymmetrical cell division and is important in epithelial cells

A

Cell polarity

26
Q

_______________ are localized at apical membrane to define top/bottom

A

Polarity determinants

27
Q

3 gene products
conserved role in cell polarity
mutants impact downstream cause mis-localization of fate determinants AND spindle mis-orientation
polarity determinants are already localized as initial neuroblasts delaminate from epithelial cells of the ventral neuroectoderm

A

PAR3, PAR6, aPKC

28
Q

Insc, Pins, Gai, Mud help to tether mitotic spindle to __________ side to establish polarity

A

mitotic spindle

29
Q

The ______ part of the cell becomes the self-renewing stem cell population.

A

apical

30
Q

Fate determinants accumulate at the _______ membrane as cell begins mitosis.

A

basal

31
Q

In neuroblast fate determinants promote ____________:

Numb - endocytic protein, only localized at mitosis, inhibits notch delta signaling - numb mutants have both daughters assume progenitor fate
Prospero: TF, mutants-GMC express neuroblast markers and divide
BRAT - brain tumor translation inhibitor, mutations-loss of GMC
PON - partner of numb, miranda (adaptor proteins help segregate components into GMC)

A

differentiation

32
Q

Proper spindle orientation is essential for:

A

ACD

33
Q

Disruption of __________ can cause:
both cells to become neuroblasts
both cells to inherit apical markers
basal markers retained by one

A

spindle

34
Q

For most of the cell cycle, there is 1 centrosome that is located on the _______ side and organizes spindle orientation. Mother cell always has the same one, and replicates and gives new one to daughter.

A

apical

35
Q

Cell polarity and fate determinate are _________ throughout domains, although more complicated in mammals.

A

conserved

36
Q

__________ is an experimental technique that follows a stem cell and its daughters over long periods of time

A

Lineage tracing

37
Q

Technique of inducible _____________ is important for following the fate of a stem cell and its descendants in vivo,, after transplantation, or in culture

A

lineage tracing

38
Q

___________ requires two components:

  1. some sort of recombinase that is only present in the stem cell (linked to CreER/ER fusion protein)
  2. reporter (LacZ, GFP) linked to locus (Rosa) that is expressed in every cell
A

Lineage tracing

39
Q

In lineage tracing, there is a ___________ between the Rosa and the reporter. A pulse of Tamoxifen binds the CreER recombinase fusion and causes it to localize to nucleus and initiate recombination between loxP sites of Rosa. As a result, the stop codon will be removed and the the reporter will only be expressed in cells that express the gene of interest.

A

stop codon

40
Q

Spontaneous in vitro differentiation of adult neuro stem cells into _____________ after 6 rounds of passaging was observed

A

astrocytes

MCT Exam 3 (9 decks)

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