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MCT Exam 3 > Nervous System Cell Biology > Flashcards

Nervous System Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuronal processes

A

Dendrites and axons

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2
Q

Cells whose main function is rapid intercellular communication

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Each neuron is surrounded by a plasma membrane and an extracellular _______________ (similar to epithelial cells)

A

basal lamina

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4
Q

RER is formed into large bodies in the neuronal cell cytoplasm. By light microscopy these bodies are clearly visible and are termed ___________

A

Nissl bodies (substance)

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5
Q

Main site for receiving incoming signals (signal reception) from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Only ________ potentials occur in dendrites because no voltage gated Na+ channels are present

A

graded

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7
Q

Dendrites are branched into dendritic _______, which increase surface area for synaptic contact

A

spines

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8
Q

____________ contain Nissl bodies, are larger in diameter than axons, and are not myelinated

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

Absence of Nissl substance in a neuronal process indicates:

A

axon

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10
Q

Main function is to convey information away from cell body to a target cell

A

Axons

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11
Q

Does not contain protein synthesis machinery (Nissl or Golgi) because it would interfere with action potential propagation
Does contain a lot of mitochondria

A

Axon

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12
Q

Action potential is initiated at the ___________ (signal integration) that is generally not myelinated, devoid of Nissl bodies and Golgi, and subject to graded potentials, where voltage gated Na+ channels are activated if threshold is reached

A

axon hillock

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13
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. AP reaches terminal
  2. V-gated Ca2+ ch. opens
  3. Influx of Ca2+ induces vesicle docking and/or formation of pore complex
  4. NT released into synaptic cleft and binds ligand-gated channels or G protein-couple receptors (with then act through 2nd messengers of G protein gated ion channels)
  5. NT removed from cleft via degradation (Acetylcholinesterase or re-uptake
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14
Q

Anterograde axon transport protein
+ end directed (towards axon terminals)
Can be fast or slow

A

Kinesin

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15
Q

Retrograde axonal transport protein
- end directed (towards nucleus)
Fast only

A

Dynein

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16
Q

PNS glial cells

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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17
Q

Myelinate axons in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

Provide direct support to neurons (around cell body) in PNS

A

Satellite cells

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19
Q

CNS glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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20
Q

Myelinate axons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

CNS glial cells that have many types and functions, such as maintaining the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Resident macrophages of CNS

A

Microglia

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23
Q

CNS glial cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles, produce and maintain CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Junctions between two adjacent Schwann cells associated with peripheral nerves

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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25
Q

_______ proteins on the cytoplasmic side (Myelin Basic Protein, MBP) and the extracellular side (P0) of the plasma membrane contribute to the tight apposition of lipid bilayers of glial cells during myelination

A

Adhesive

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26
Q

Myelination requires the vitamin ______ because MBM must be methylated in order to function

A

Vitamin B12

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27
Q

____________ is a dynamic process, which involves the ensheathment of the axon by the glial cell and subsequently the extrusion of cytoplasm from parts of the glial cell

A

Myelination

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28
Q

The increased lipid content of the myelin sheath provides electrical _____________ for the underlying axon

A

insulation

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29
Q

One Schwann cell myelinates _______ segment of an axon

A

One

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30
Q

____________ syndrome is characterized by inflammatory response around nerve fibers with a T mediated response against myelin. Can be triggered by a respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection, but the etiology is not known. The symptoms include tingling or crawling sensation, ascending weakness or paralysis, loss of muscle coordination and loss of cutaneous sensation.

Demyelinating disease result in decreased or lost ability to transmit electrical signals along nerve fibers.

Most common life-threatening disease of PNS

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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31
Q

The cytoplasm of the myelinating Schwann cell is ___________

A

continuous

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32
Q

______________ clefts allow for transport of materials to maintain myelin sheath (act as portals)

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

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33
Q

Voltage gated Na+ channels are concentrated at ______________, not where myelin is

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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34
Q

Myelination enables ______________, where the action potential jumps between nodes

A

Saltatory conduction

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35
Q

Myelin insulates, which ___________ capacitance, such that voltage spike is transmitted over longer distance.

A

decreases

36
Q

Voltage-gated channels at nodes propane action potential to next downstream node. K+ lead and refectory period of Na+ channels at upstream nodes prevent:

A

retrograde propagation

37
Q

Multiple ______________ axon segments can be ensheathed by a single Schwann cell.

A

nonmyelinated

38
Q

_____________ support peripheral ganglia neurons

A

Stellite cells

39
Q

One _______________ can myelinated up to 12 axons in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocyte

40
Q

Form limiting barrier around all interfaces of CNS (at pia, ependyma, and blood/lymph vessels) - continuous barrier on the outside, and footplates on the inside
Regulate microenvironment via transport of metabolites, ions, and waste to and from neurons
Modulate neurotransmitter activity, particularly glutamate
Induce synapse formation
Form an electrically coupled network (use gap junctions to communicate with each other)
Respond to injuries (form a wall around injured tissue)

A

Astrocytes

41
Q

Astrocytes undergo proliferation and ___________ (increased cell size) in response to pathological changes
Aka reactive gliosis or astrocytosis

A

hypertrophy

42
Q

Actual blood-brain-barrier is formed by _______________ of CNS capillaries, but astrocytes play important role in the process

A

endothelial cells

43
Q

Astrocyte contact with endothelial cells induces extensive ___________ to form between endothelial cells in CNS capillaries

A

tight junctions

44
Q

___________ signal to pericytes, which to maintain vessel integrity

A

Astrocytes

45
Q

Resident immune cells in CNS derived from monocytes
Activate and proliferate in some disease or injury states
Phagocytic and engulf cellular debris

A

Microglia

46
Q 
Simple columnar (or cuboidal) ciliated epithelium that line the brain ventricles and spinal canal 
Production and maintenance of CSF
A

Ependymal cells

47
Q

Ependymal cells of ___________ in lateral ventricle and roof of 3rd and 4th ventricle secrete CSF which is circulated and modified by ependymal cells in other areas
Pumps out ion, water follows

A

choroid plexus

48
Q

The cerebral cortex is organized as peripheral _______ matter (neuron cells bodies) and inner ________ matter (axonal tracts).

A

peripheral gray matter

inner white matter

49
Q

The cerebellum is organized as peripheral _______ matter (neuron cells bodies) and inner ________ matter (axonal tracts).

A

peripheral gray matter

inner white matter

50
Q

Connective tissue covering the CNS:

Variations of dense irregular connective tissue

A

meninges

51
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue with meningeal arteries/veins and nerves

A

Dura mater

52
Q

A “potential space” in the meninges - normally the arachnoid adheres to the dura, but it can become separated by trauma/bleeding and thus become a space
(Bleed can peel apart layers and lead to this space)

A

Subdural space

53
Q

Loose connective tissue adjacent to dura with struts (trabeculae) extending down to the pia mater - in the meninges

A

Arachnoid matter

54
Q

A space between arachnoid and pia mater containing CSF and cerebral vasculature in the meninges

A

Subarachnoid space

55
Q

Thin, delicate connective tissue of the meninges overlying the gray matter

A

Pia mater

56
Q

The spinal cord is organized as ____________ white matter (axonal tracts) and __________ gray matter (neuron cell bodies)

A

peripheral white matter

inner gray matter

57
Q

Part of PNS that has afferent sensory neurons and efferent motor neurons

A

Somatic

58
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue (often with large blood vessels and adipose tissue) that ensheaths a nerve bundle which contains multiple nerve fascicles

A

Epineurium

59
Q

2-4 layers of cells (epithelioid myofibroblasts) that have contractile properties (myoid) and occluding junctions establishing a blood-nerve diffusion barrier (epithelioid)
Also surrounds vessels
Wraps around fascicles

A

Perineurium

60
Q

Bundle

A

Fascicle

61
Q

Basal lamina and delicate collagen fibrils associated with axons, Schwann cells, and endoneurial fibroblasts
(collagen type 1)

A

Endoneurium

62
Q

How can you distinguish nerves in a tissue section from similar, wavy structures?

A

Contain more cells (Schwann, etc.) compared to connective tissue (not many cells in connective tissue)
More striped compared to smooth muscle due to extraction of lipids (i.e. myelin)
Ensheathed by perineurium
Nerves undulate in and out of the section, so some Schwann cell nuclei are seen in longitudinal section and others are in cross section

63
Q

3 subdivisions of the autonomic system

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

64
Q

Portion of the PNS that conducts efferent nerve impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

65
Q

_____________ motor neurons project directly to their target

A

Somatic

66
Q

___________ motor neurons project to a 2nd (postsynaptic) motor neuron in a peripheral ganglion

A

Autonomic

67
Q

For autonomic neurons, the NT at the first synapse (between pre and post-ganglia) is ___________

A

Acetylcholine

68
Q

For autonomic neurons, the NT at the target organ depends on the system. For sympathetic the NT is _________.

A

Norepinephrine

69
Q

For autonomic neurons, the NT at the target organ depends on the system. For parasympathetic the NT is _________.

A

Acetylcholine or nitrous oxide

70
Q 
Features of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ division of ANS include: 
craniosacral outflow
2nd neuron in organ wall
rest and digest
primarily cholinergic
A

Parasympathetic

71
Q

Features of the ___________ division of the ANS include:
thoracolumbar outflow
2nd neuron located in para- or pre-veterbral ganglia
fight or flight
primarily noradrenergic

A

sympathetic

72
Q

Autonomic motor neurons in peripheral ganglia are ____________ and supported by satellite cells

A

multipolar

73
Q

______________ ganglia have multipolar neurons, eccentric nucleus, irregular capsule of satellite cells, disorganized fibers.

A

Autonomic

74
Q

_______________ ganglia have pseudo unipolar neurons, central nucleus, regular capsule of satellite cells, bundled fibers.

A

Sensory (dorsal root)

75
Q

Sensory (dorsal root) ganglia have ___________ neurons

A

unipolar

76
Q

Autonomic ganglia have __________ neurons

A

multipolar

77
Q

The ________ nervous system has more than 10^8 neurons in the gut wall, is semi-independent, and autonomously manages peristalsis, absorption, and secretion of fluids and enzymes

A

enteric

78
Q

The __________ innervates the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder

A

enteric nervous system

79
Q

Enteric neurons are arranged in two interconnected plexus:

A

Submucous (Meissner’s): within submucosa

Myenteric (Auerbach’s): between circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis [externa]

80
Q

The enteric nervous system is regulated by:

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

81
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic system provide which two things for the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. second level of control of motility and secretion

2. Over-ride intrinsic enteric activity in times of emergency or stress

82
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons reside in:

A

dorsal root ganglia

83
Q

Nerve injury is followed by chromatolysis, retrograde and anterograde degeneration, and ____________ medicated removal of fiber.

A

macrophage

84
Q

During nerve injury and regeneration in the PNS, the regenerating _____ sends off multiple sprouts (arrowheads)

A

axon

85
Q

____________ proliferate to set up columns (bands of Bunger) along which the regenerating axon can migrate to reach its target

A

Schwann cells

86
Q

_____ axons do not readily regenerate

A

CNS

87
Q

Why do spinal cord injuries often lead to permanent paralysis?

A

Myelin doesn’t break down as much in CNS

Glial scars form, where astrocytes are inhibitory

MCT Exam 3 (9 decks)

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