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Biology-Cell Division > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Stem Cell?

A

A cell which can divide (by mitosis) an unlimited number of times.

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2
Q

What does each new cell have the potential to do?

A

To remain a stem cell or to develop into a specialised ell by differentiation.

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3
Q

What is potency?

A

The ability of stem cells to differentiate into more specialised types.

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4
Q

What is Totipotency?

A

Totipotency stem cells can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo as well as extra-embryonic cells.

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5
Q

What is Pluripotency?

A

Pluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into any type of cell found in an embryo but not into extra-embryonic stem cells and are no longer pluripotent.

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6
Q

What is Multipotency?

A

Multipotent stem cells are adult stem cells that have lost some of the potency associated with embryonic stem cells and are not longer pluripotent.

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7
Q

What happens as tissue, organs and organ systems develop?

A

Cells become more and more specialised.

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8
Q

What happens, specifically to adult cells, when they have differentiated and specialised to fulfil particularly roles?

A

Most adult cells gradually lose the ability to divide until they are no long able to divide.

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9
Q

What remains to produce new cells? An for what processes?

A

Small number of stem cells (adult) remain to produce new cells or the essential process of growth, cell replacement and tissue repair.

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10
Q

How many times can adult stem cells divide and what types do they produce?

A

By Mitosis and unlimited number of times, only able to produce a limited number of times-Multipotent.

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11
Q

There is research into stem cell therapy. What is this?

A

The introduction of adult stem cells into damaged tissue to treat diseases and injuries.

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12
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

-Bone Marrow

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13
Q

What type of cells is bone marrow?

A

Multipotent adult stem cells

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14
Q

What can these cells differentiate into?

A

Only erythrocytes (RBC), monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red Blood Cells

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16
Q

What is the main function of Erythrocytes?

A

Transport of oxygen around the body as well as the transport of carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

Why are new Erythrocytes constantly being formed from bone marrow stem cells?

A

As RBC lack a nucleus so cannot divide so new erythrocytes are made to maintain the RBC count

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18
Q

What is the first stage in Erythropoiesis?

A

The cell is Multipotent: It divides to form Proerythrocytes.

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19
Q

What is the second stage in Erythropoiesis?

A

Change have occurred and this cell can now only form and erythrocyte.

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20
Q

What is the third stage in Erythropoiesis?

A

Haemoglobin builds up in cytoplasm.

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21
Q

What is the fourth stage in Erythropoiesis?

A

Nucleus is ejected.

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22
Q

What is the fifth stage in Erythropoiesis?

A

Further changes form a mature erythrocyte.

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23
Q

What does this mature erythrocyte look like from above?

A

-No nucleus-room for haemoglobin.
-Cell is full of haemoglobin pigment which absorbs oxygen

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24
Q

What does this mature erythrocyte look like from the side?

A

Biconcave shape giving a greater surface area for oxygen absorption.

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25
Q

What happens during Erythropoiesis which allow it to function as an erythrocyte?

A

Changes occur that adapt the structure of the original stem cell.

26
Q

What are some of these adaptations?

A

-Changing to biconcave shape
-Elastic Membrane-
-Ejection of nucleus and other organelles
-Building up of haemoglobin in cytoplasm.

27
Q

What does the adaptation to the biconcave shape allow?

A

Large surface area allowing more oxygen to be absorbed through cell surface.

28
Q

What does the adaptation an elastic membrane allow?

A

Change shape and get through narrow capillaries.

29
Q

What does the adaptation of the ejection of the nucleus and other organelles allow?

A

-more room for haemoglobin
-increases oxygen capacity

30
Q

What does the adaptation of the building up of haemoglobin in cytoplasm allow?

A

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen and only release when oxygen concentrations decrease to low.

31
Q

How are neutrophils formed?

A

The same stem cells that form erythrocytes.

32
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

A type of white blood cell.

33
Q

What are the main changes as stem cells differentiate into neutrophils?

A

-Indentation form the nucleus, giving it a lobed structure.
-Granules accumulate; are lysomes that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

34
Q

Neutrophils are WBC. What is the first step in the function they play?

A

Are the first WBC to arrive at the infection site or in the body.

35
Q

Neutrophils are WBC. What is the second step in the function they play?

A

Exit the blood through tiny gaps in the capillary walls and collect around foreign bodies.

36
Q

Neutrophils are WBC. What is the third step in the function they play?

A

Destroy foreign bodies by engulfing them by phagocytosis and digesting them using their hydrolytic enzymes.

37
Q

What are some of the adaptation of neutrophils?

A

-Flexible shape and flexible nuclear membrane
-Contains many lysomes

38
Q

What does a flexible shape and flexible nuclear membrane allow?

A

Neutrophils to fit between cell walls to form pseudopodia

39
Q

What do many lysomes contain and therefore do?

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes which destroy invading cells.

40
Q

What form the transport system in plants?

A

-Xylem Vessels
-Phloem Sieve Tissues

41
Q

Where are Xylem Vessels and Phloem Sieve Tissues found?

A

In plants roots and stems

42
Q

Where are Xylem and Phloem formed?

A

From stem cells found in the tissue between them.

43
Q

What is the tissues between them known as?

A

Cambium

44
Q

What is Cambium?

A

A meristem

45
Q

What is a meristem?

A

The term given to to any undifferentiated cell in a plant which has the ability to give rise to new cells.

46
Q

Give an example of meristems.

A

Meristems located at tips of shoots and roots that provide new cells to these growing parts of the plant.

47
Q

At the roots and shoots of plants, what do the stem cells at the inner edge of the cambium differentiate into?

A

Xylem cells

48
Q

At the roots and shoots of plants, what do the stem cells at the outer edge of the cambium differentiate into?

A

Phloem cells.

49
Q

What happens when they differentiate into xylem?

A

-lose cytoplasm
-deposit lignin in their cell walls
-lose their end cells walls

50
Q

What happens when they differentiate into phloem?

A

-lose some cytoplasm and organelles
-develop sieve plates at the end of the cells

51
Q

What is this cambium cell differentiation stimulated by? And how does it work?

A

By hormones- the balance of hormones determine if xylem or phloem.

52
Q

What are the 4 sources of stem cells?

A

-Embryonic stem cells
-Umbilical chord
-Adult stem cells
-Induced pluripotent stem cells

53
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells present?

A

In an early embryo formed when the zygote begins to divide

54
Q

Where are umbilical chord stem cells present?

A

In umbilical chord blood

55
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Developed tissues amongst the differentiated cells which act as a repair system.

56
Q

Where are induced pluripotent stem cells developed?

A

In labs by reprogramming differentiated cells to switch on certain genes and become undifferentiated.

57
Q

What are 4 uses of stem cells in research an medicine?

A

-Bone marrow transplant
-Drug research
-Developmental biology
-Repair of damaged tissues or replacement of lost tissues.

58
Q

Explain the use of stem cells in a bone marrow transplant.

A

-Treat disease of the blood and immune system.
-Restore blood system after types of cancer

59
Q

Explain the use of stem cells drug research.

A

If stem cells can develop types of human tissues, new drugs can be tested on that.

60
Q

Explain the use of stem cells in developmental biology.

A

Can be used and enable a better understanding of how multicellular organisms develop, grow and mature.

61
Q

Explain the use of stem cells in the repair of damaged tissues or replacement of lost tissues

A

-Treat mice with type 1 diabetes
-Bone marrow into liver cells to treat liver disease
-Into nerve tissue to treat Alzheimer’s
-Regenerative medicine

Biology-Cell Division (5 decks)

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