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A2- Gene Expression and Technology > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of stem cell?

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
unipotent

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which stem cells become specialised

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3
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells which can continually divide and specialise to become different types of cells

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4
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

stem cells that can divide and produce any type of body cells

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5
Q

Where can totipotent stem cells be found?

A

zygotes

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6
Q

What results in totipotent stem cells becoming specialised?

A

some genes are expressed, whilst others are not

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7
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

a type of embryonic stem cell that can divide to form ALMOST any type of cell

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8
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells used for?

A

research into treating human disorders

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9
Q

What are some potential applications of pluripotent stem cells?

A
  • beta cells that produce insulin: diabetes
  • neurones: Parkinson’s
  • treating burns
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10
Q

What are some issues with pluripotent stem cells?

A
  • can continually divide to create tumours
  • ethical issues: therapeutic cloning (making a zygote), destroying an embryo
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11
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

can divide to form a limited number of cell types

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12
Q

Where can multipotent and unipotent stem cells be found?

A

bone marrow
umbilical cord
placenta

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13
Q

What are unipotent stem cells?

A

can only differentiate into one type of cell

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14
Q

What cells can the stem cells found in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

the different types of blood cell

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15
Q

How can ethical issues of using pluripotent stem cells be overcome?

A

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

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16
Q

How are iPS cells produced?

A
  • take somatic (body) cells from an adult
  • use appropriate transcription factors to manipulate the DNA.
  • If all genes are ‘switched on’ the cell is no longer specialised
17
Q

What is it called when all the genes are ‘turned on’?

A

returning to state of pluripotency

18
Q

What are the advantages of iPS cells?

A
  • no ethical issues
  • can divide indefinitely
  • show self-renewal properties
19
Q

Where can stem cells be found in mammals?

A
  • embryos
  • the placenta
  • the umbilical cord
  • adult tissues
20
Q

What is one piece of evidence that shows all cells contain all genes, but some are turned off?

A

iPS - unipotent/somatic cells can be altered to act like pluripotent cells and produce the proteins of an embryonic stem cell

21
Q

What are 3 ways pluripotent cells can be used to treat human disorders?

A
  • skin grafts for burns
  • blood cells for leukaemia
  • bone cells for osteoporosis
22
Q

What processes are regulated in order to control which genes are expressed?

A

transcription and translation

A2- Gene Expression and Technology (13 decks)

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