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week 3 > stem cells > Flashcards

stem cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are stem cells ?

A

Unspecialized cells which can self-renew indefinitely and can differentiate into specialised cells

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2
Q

what are common traits of stem cells ?

A

Self-renewal
Differentiation into many other types of cells

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3
Q

what is the process of differentiation

A

The process in which relatively unspecialised cells, e.g. stem cells, acquire specialised structural and/or functional features that characterise the cells, tissues or organs of the organism

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4
Q

what type of division do stem cells undergo

A

asymmetric

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5
Q

when stem cells divide what do they produce

A

two dissimilar daughter cells

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6
Q

what is the key identifying daughter cells

A

1 is identical to stem cell ( maintains stem cell line)
2nd daughter cell : has different genetic instructions

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7
Q

what will the second daughter cell become ?

A

Will eventually become a ‘progenitor’ or ‘precursor’ cell – is committed to producing one/a few terminally differentiated cells, e.g. neurons, muscle cells.

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8
Q

define cell potency ?

A

A cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types
The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency

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9
Q

list hierarchy of stem cell potency

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
unipotent

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10
Q

explain totipotent stem cells

A

can give rise to embryonic membrane & any cell type of the adult body

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11
Q

example of totipotent stem cells

A

Zygote, morula

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12
Q

explain pluripotent stem cells

A

can give rise to any cell type of the adult body

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13
Q

examples of pluripotent stem cells

A

Inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst
Cell nucleus of adult tissue cells can be reprogrammed > induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC, more later!)

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14
Q

explain multipotent stem cells

A

can give rise to tissue-specific cell type of the adult body

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15
Q

explain unipotent stem cell

A

can give rise to one specific type of the adult body tissue cells

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16
Q

where do human embryonic stem cells come from ?

A

they are derived from inner cell mass of blastocysts

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17
Q

what is the use of human embryonic stem cells

A

used in IVF
if embryo holding them not of high quality, then they are donated

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18
Q

what is another term for adult stem cells

A

somatic stem cells

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19
Q

what are somatic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that replenish and regenerate dying/damaged cells

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20
Q

where have stem cells been identified

A

adult tissues including skin, intestine, liver, brain and bone marrow

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21
Q

what are examples of stem cells

A

mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells
Bone marrow most studied

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22
Q

what is the problem with obtaining stem cells

A

Can be obtained from a tissue sample but difficult to isolate

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23
Q

why are stem cells difficult to obtain

A

Few in number
Difficult to keep them proliferating in culture

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24
Q

what do haematopoietic stem cells allow

A

constant renewal of blood cells

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25
Q

where are haematopoietic stem cells usually found

A

bone marrow in bones such as
femur
spine
sternum

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26
Q

what does a hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into

A

lymphoid progenitor
myeloid progenitor

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27
Q

what does the lymphoid progenitor stem cell differentiate into

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

what does myeloid progenitor cell differentiate into

A

platelets myeloblast mast cells and erythrocytes

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29
Q

what does the myeloblast differentiate into ?

A

moncytes
basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil

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30
Q

what are two important examples of adult somatic cells

A

intestinal stem cells
neural stem cells

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31
Q

what type of stem cell is intestinal stem ?

A

multipotent stem cell

32
Q

where are intestinal stem cells found ?

A

intestinal epithelium

33
Q

where are neuro progenitor found ?

A

in highly restricted regions of the adult brain to produce neurones

34
Q

what type of stem cells are found in the adult CNS

A

multipotent

35
Q

what is the function of adult stem cells in the CNS

A

multipotent
give rise to new neurons
and glial cells

36
Q

what is the role of glial cells

A

activates neural stem cells

37
Q

what are induced pluripotent stem cells

A

a way to make pluripotent stem cells without using embryos
somatic - pluripotent

38
Q

how are induced pluripotent stem cells made ?

A

they are made using transcription factors

39
Q

what transcription factors are used

A

Treated with transcription factors (Oct-3/4, SOX2, c-Myc, and KLF4)

40
Q

what is the use of transcription factors to make ipscs

A

switch on genes that had previously been turned off to reprogramme the cell back into pluripotency

41
Q

explain the difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells in terms of the type of stem cell they are ?

A

adult stem cell -> multipotent
embryonic stem cell -> pluripotent

42
Q

why is there difficulty surrounding adult stem cells

A

difficult to culture and expand

43
Q

what is a difficulty surrounding embryonic stem cells

A

rejection problem
allogenic
can be attacked by the recipient’s immune system

44
Q

explain embryonic stem cells in terms of culturing

A

they are easier to culture

45
Q

explain specialisation of adult stem cells

A

able to become specialised cell types within the residing tissue or specific cell types of the tissue

46
Q

explain specialisation in terms of embryonic stem cells

A

can become more than 220 types of cells in the body

47
Q

what cancer stem cells

A

a subpopulation of stem-like cells within tumours

48
Q

briefly explain characteristics of both cancer stem cells

A

Exhibit characteristics of both stem cells and cancer cells.

ability to generate more stem cells (self-renewal) and to produce cells that differentiate

49
Q

In addition to self-renewal and differentiation capacities, CSCs have the ability to do what ?

A

ability to seed tumours when transplanted into an animal host

50
Q

what are progenitor cells ?

A

descendants of stem cells that are only capable of differentiating into cells that belong to the same tissue or organ

51
Q

how many hypothesis are there for production of cancer stem cells

A

2

52
Q

explain the intrinsic way of a cancer stem cell can be produced

A

normal stem cells (tissue)
acquire cancerous characteristics -
have the ability to regenerate via genetic mutation

53
Q

how do stem cells acquire the cancerous characteristics

A

through genetic mutation
Enviromental alteration

54
Q

what is the extrinsic way of producing stem cell

A

normal somatic cells
or progenitor cells acquire stem cell characteristics and malignant behaviour ( cancerous characteristics)

55
Q

in the extrinsic pathway what is first produced

A

a mutated progenitor with stem cell like abilities

56
Q

in both ways the cancer stem cells undergo what

A

asymmetric cell division and give rise to mutated progenitors, mutated stem cell (like the original) and mutated progenitor with stem cell like abilities (only in the extrinsic way)

57
Q

what do the mutated progenitor cells have and lead to

A

high proliferative action so make large population
not self renewing

58
Q

what do the mutated stem cell and mutated progenitor cell with stem cell like abilities have

A

low proliferative action -> small population
but can self renew

59
Q

implication of cancer cells in treatment

A

normally cancer stem cells not targeted so tumour shrinks but grows back
new drugs - target CSCs so tumour loses ability to generate new cells - tumour degenerates

60
Q

how can we target cancer stem cells

A

Can use what we know about normal stem cells to identify and attack cancer stem cells and the malignant cells they produce.
One recent success illustrating this approach is research on anti-CD47 therapy.

61
Q

the promise of regenerative medicine is based on what

A

discovery of growth factors

62
Q

what are growth factors

A

regulatory molecules that stimulate cell and tissue function through influencing cell differentiation
Lead to change in biochemical activity, cellular growth, & regulate rate of proliferation

63
Q

what is easier to mimic in terms of differentiation

A

Easier to mimic normal sequence of differentiation than to reverse (dedifferentiate)

64
Q

what ae uses of stem cells

A

Regenerative medicine
Repair or replace damaged or diseased human cells or tissues to restore normal function
Tissue repair
Drug screening
Vehicles for gene therapy

65
Q

what is example of stem cell therapy

A

bone marrow transplant to treat blood disorders such as leukaemia

66
Q

what are the two categories of stem cell therapy

A

Autologous - from recipient or allogenic transplant from individual with same tissue type (HLA type)

67
Q

what is a new way of stem cell therapy

A

blood sample – peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC), get a course of injections to stimulate release of stem cells into blood

68
Q

what is first step of stem cell therapy

A

blood stem cells are removed from the bone marrow of healthy individual who is matched donor

69
Q

what is the second step of stem cell therapy

A

patient receives treatment to destroy their own defective stem cells

70
Q

what is the lasts step of stem cell therapy

A

patient receives the donated blood stem cells which go on to produce all the blood cells

71
Q

explain new form of stem cell therapy - from blood sample

A

series of injections
forces stem cells into circulation
blood taken + centrifuged to extract stem cells

72
Q

how can stem cells be able to develop cartilage transplant

A

Stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytesin vitro

73
Q

what is the difficulty in using stem cells in cartilage treatment

A

cartilage regenerated by stem cells fails to fullyrecapitulate structural and biomechanical properties of originalcartilage

74
Q

explain new research into the idea of making new blood

A

pluripotent stem cells to make red blood cells for blood transfusion

75
Q

what is the advantage of making ‘new blood’

A

Donors & recipients only have to be blood group matched rather than tissue matched = lower rejection risk
blood donation systems not needed - lives saved

Valuable for those living with blood disorders e.g. beta-thalassemia, who require regular blood transfusions

week 3 (4 decks)

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