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MCM Final > Stem Cell Applications > Flashcards

Stem Cell Applications Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular ________ is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

A

Differentiation

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2
Q

A stem cell is a ________ cell that can either ________ or give rise to more _________ cell types

A

Primitive

Self-renew

Specialized

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3
Q

Stem cells are not ___________ differentiated, can _________ without limit, and undergo _______ division

When they divide, they produce 1 cell with ______ characteristics and 1 cell with the ability to be __________

A

Terminally

Divide

Slow

Stem cell

Differentiated

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4
Q

Adult stem cells are ___________, for example: ….

A

Tissue-specific

E.g. Epidermal stem cells, intestinal stem cells, etc.

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5
Q

A stem cell with _____________ has the ability to give rise to all cells of an organism,including embryonic and extra embryonic tissues.

A ________ has this type of potency.

A

Totipotent

Zygote

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6
Q

A stem cell with ________ has the ability to give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues.

__________ stem cells have this potency

A

Pluripotency

Embryonic

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7
Q

A stem cell with _________ has the ability to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage

____________ have this potency

A

Multipotency

Adult stem cells

(Think of hemapoietic stem cells)

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8
Q

True or False: A blastocyst is an example of a totipotent stem cell

A

False, a blastocyst is an example of a pluripotent stem cell. Only zygotes are totipotent.

About 4-5 days post-fertilization we see pluripotency

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9
Q

What type of stem cell can be cultured to produce varied cells in the body such as pancreatic islet cells and cardiomyocytes and neurons?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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10
Q

________ stem cells are programmed to have a fixed number of divisions and are designated to various tissues in the body

A

Founder

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11
Q

*_____________ are cells that divide frequently and transit from a cell with stem cell characteristics to a differentiated cell. They are programmed to have a _________ number of divisions and are part of the strategy for _________ control

A

Transit Amplifying cells

Limited

Growth

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12
Q

To maintain a steady pool of stem cells, _______ of _______ cells must remain stem cells

This is accomplished by _________ and _________

A

50%

daughter

Divisional Asymmetry

Environmental Asymmetry

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13
Q

In this type of stem cell asymmetry, one cell produced with factors that give it the ability to differentiated: __________

In this type of stem cell asymmetry, division makes 2 identical cells but the environment may influence or alter one cell to become terminally differentiated: ______________

A

Divisional Asymmetry

Environmental Asymmetry

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14
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells are harvested from the ___________ for culture, where they are capable of proliferating __________

A

Blastocyst
(Of an embryo)

Indefinitely (forever)

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15
Q

If a stem cell taken from a blastocyst is injected into an adult, what must be done to avoid tumor production?

A

The ES cell(s)must be given a nudge as to what type of cell they should become, otherwise they will likely from teratomas due to lack of organization.

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16
Q

What clues would you give an ES cell if you wanted to produce adipocytes?

A

Retinoic acid -> insulin & thyroid hormones

17
Q

What clue would you give an ES cell if you wanted to produce a neuron?

A

Retinoic acid

18
Q
  • Transcription factors ________, _________, _______ and _________ are essential for the establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in the embryo
  • used to switch on
A

Nanog

Oct4

Sox2

FoxD3

*used to switch on

19
Q

Cripto and GDF-3 are __________ found in _________ cells

A

Growth

Pluripotent

20
Q

Adult stem cells are found in ________ and respond to the demands of _______/________

A

Tissues

Growth/repair

21
Q

True or False: Evidence supports the contention that “adult stem cells can replace embryonic stem cells”

A

False, they have restricted capacity and growth potential unlike embryonic stem cells

22
Q

Hemapoietic stem cells produce _________ components where stromal stem cells (or adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells) produce _________

A

Blood components

Connective tissues (bone, cartilage), muscle, tendon/ligament, adipose, pluripotent (?)

Why liposuction waste might be valuable

23
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are ________-derived whereas embryonic stems cells (ESCs) are not.

A

Patient-derived

24
Q

One of the biggest challenges in using adult stem cells is the risk for _______________

A

Immune rejection

25
Q

If immune rejection occurs with the implantation of adult stem cells because they were not genetically identical there is risk of _________ and you may try to treat with __________ techniques

A

Infection

Immunosuppressant

26
Q

Alternative sources for Human ES cells are __________ and ___________

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells

27
Q

SCNT combines _________ methods with embryonic stem cell technology to produce cells which are ___________ for the patient

Name 2 challenges to SCNT:

A

Cloning

Custom-made

Inefficient (may need hundreds of oocyte)

Technically demanding

28
Q

ES cells hold therapeutic potential for ….

It is controversial because….

A

Spinal cord injuries, heart failure, Parkinson, type 1 diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis and liver failure

It requires the harvesting and destruction of human embryos

29
Q

Adult stem cells can be reprogrammed to behave live ES cells for therapeutic purposes as iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells) when the following transcription factors are used:

_________
_________
_________
_________

A

Oct 3/4
Sox2
Nanog
FoxD3

Also Lin28,N-Myc, Klf4, c-Myc

These are all used in combination

30
Q

To induce pluripotency, you combine a _______ cell and denucleated ________ cell : fusion -> stimulate cell division process -> develop blastocyst -> extract inner cell mass culture pluripotent ES cells

A

Somatic cell

Egg cell

MCM Final (7 decks)

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