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BOTANY > stem > Flashcards

stem Flashcards

1
Q

continuations of the
roots usually located above the surface of the
soil

A

STEMS

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2
Q

Originate from the epicotyl and partly from the
hypocotyl of the embryo

A

STEMS

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3
Q

New plant growth

A

SHOOT

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4
Q

Above ground parts of the plant

A

SHOOT SYSTEM

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5
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF STEMS BASED ON
TOUGHNESS

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS
WOODY STEMS
SUFFRUTESCENT STEMS

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6
Q

*Non-woody, soft and green in color
* More common in Monocot and but also found
in some dicot plants
* Example is bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

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7
Q
  • Hard and rigid because of the secondary
    growth or cork formation
  • Dicot plants
A

WOODY STEMS

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8
Q

Woody only at the base
* Example is eggplant (Solanum melongena)

A

SUFFRUTESCENT STEMS

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9
Q

— Very little or absent and thus is generally soft
— Short-lived
— Very little growth in diameter
— Smooth, thin epidermis
— Green
— stomata is Present

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

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10
Q

— woody tissue is Present, thus are hard and thick
— Long-lived
— Increases in diameter (mainly due to production of wood & cork)
— Rough cork
— Green when young, brown when old
— stomata is Absent, but with
lenticels

A

WOODY STEMS

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11
Q

pores of outer plant tissue that provide direct exchange of gases between internal plant
tissues and atmosphere

A

LENTICELS

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12
Q

above the surface of soil

A

AERIAL STEMS

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13
Q
  • are horizontally oriented stems that grow along
    the soil surfaces
  • example is strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)
A

RUNNERS OR STOLONS

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14
Q
  • coil around objects and help support the plant
  • Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
  • Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
  • Melon (Cucumis melo)
  • Squash (Cucurbita maxima)
A

TENDRILS OR SCRAMBLERS

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15
Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION

A

AERIAL STEMS
UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN
STEMS

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16
Q
  • Beneath the surface of the soil
A

UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN
STEMS

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17
Q
  • underground, horizontal stem which maybe
    swollen due to presence of stored food
  • ginger (Zingiber officinale)
  • asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
  • turmeric (Curcuma longa)
  • bamboo (Bambusa bambos)
A

RHIZOMES

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18
Q
  • short, swollen, terminal portions of an
    underground stems with stored food
  • specialized for storage
  • potato (Solanum tuberosum)
A

TUBERS

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19
Q
  • very small piece of stem tissue bearing
    numerous fleshy leaves
  • onion and garlic
    o tunic or tunica – papery layer of bulbs
A

BULBS

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20
Q
  • globose underground stems with thin, papery
    leaves on its surface
  • gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrids)
  • gabi (Colocasia esculenta)
A

CORMS

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21
Q

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS

A

NODES
INTERNODES
LEAF SCAR
BUNDLE SCARS
LENTICELS
BUDS

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22
Q
  • swollen areas where leaves, branches and
    buds arise
A

NODES

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23
Q
  • portion between two nodes
A

INTERNODES

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24
Q
  • mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf
A

LEAF SCAR

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25
Q
  • cut ends of the vascular bundles within each
    leaf scar
A

BUNDLE SCARS

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26
Q
  • raised pores seen on dicot stems
A

LENTICELS

27
Q
  • undeveloped structures which may grow into
    leaves, shoots, or flowers
A

BUDS

28
Q
  • at the end of the stem
A

TERMINAL OR APICAL BUD

29
Q
  • at the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and
    the stem called the leaf axil
A

LATERAL OR AXILLARY BUDY

30
Q
  • beside and above the axillary bud
A

ACCESSORY OR SUPERNUMERARY BUD

31
Q
  • on other parts of the plant such as leaves,
    roots, or internodes
A

ADVENTITIOUS BUD

32
Q
  • the apical meristem shows three distinct
    regions of meristematic activity
A

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE STEMS

33
Q
  • develops into epidermis
    GROUND MERISTEM
  • develops into cortex
A

PROTODERM

34
Q
  • develops into primary vascular tissues (xylem
    and phloem)
A

PROCAMBIUM

35
Q
  • One cell layer derived from the protoderm
    composed of cells with thick walls and covered
    by a layer of cutin
A

EPIDERMIS

36
Q
  • A middle region composed of an outer zone of
    collenchyma, an inner zone of parenchyma
    and a layer of endodermis consisting of thick
    walled cells
A

CORTEX

37
Q
  • An inner region composed of primary vascular tissue made up of primary xylem and primary phloem
    *Xylem and phloem are arranged in cylinders
A

STELE OR VASCULAR CYLINDER

38
Q

Inner portion

A

xylem

39
Q

Outer portion

A

phloem

40
Q

Each vascular bundle is called

A

fascicles

41
Q

the whole circle.

A

Vascular cylinder

42
Q

Each fascicle is surrounded by the _____

A

bundle

43
Q

sheath composed is of

A

sclerenchyma and
collenchyma

44
Q

The middle portion

A

pith

45
Q

cambium outside
fascile

A

Interfascicular cambium

46
Q

cambium inside fascile

A

Fascicular cambium

47
Q

scattered bundles of
xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the
periphery of the stem

A

Vascular tissues

48
Q

on the inner side of
the bundle and

A

xylem

49
Q

on the outer side of the
bundle

A

phloem

50
Q

-Vascular tissues are scattered bundles of
xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the
periphery of the stem
- Xylem and phloem NEVER form continuous
cylinders of tissues - xylem on the inner side of
the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the
bundle
-Cambium - ABSENT
Greater part of stem consists of parenchyma
tissue
* Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by
sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for
support

A

HERBACEOUS MONOCOT STEM

51
Q

Greater part of stem consists of __________

A

parenchyma
tissue

52
Q

usually surrounded by
sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for
support

A

Vascular bundles

53
Q
  • Derived from the vascular cambium
A

SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES

54
Q
  • Consisting of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium), and phelloderm (secondary parenchyma)
A

PERIDERM

55
Q

originates from the epidermis or
a layer of cells in the cortex which will give rise
to the inner phelloderm and outer phellem

A

Cork cambium

56
Q

TWO DISTINCT REGIONS OF AN OLD WOODY STEM

A

BARK
WOOD

57
Q

All tissues external to the vascular cambium

A

BARK

58
Q
  • Composed of the xylem
  • Inside the vascular cambium
A

WOOD

59
Q
  • lighter, outer region which represents the
    newly formed xylem for the conduction of water
    and inorganic salts
  • alive
A

SAPWOOD

60
Q
  • darker, inner region and no longer able to
    conduct materials because its tracheary
    elements have been clogged with waste
    products
  • dead
  • old xylem
A

HEARTWOOD

61
Q
  • Provides mechanical support for leaves and
    other plant organs
  • Conducts water, mineral salts and
    manufactured food
  • Produces new living tissues
A

FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM

62
Q

center of tissues; mass of parenchyma cells

A

Pith

62
Q

holes in the vessels, tracheids

A

Pit

BOTANY (7 decks)

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