Stem

Question 1

Primary functions of the stem

Answer 1

To support the aerial part of the plant and transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves

Question 2

Two parts of the stem

Answer 2

Nodes (where leaves grow) and Internodes (the part between nodes)

Question 3

Aerial modifications of the stem

Answer 3

Tendrils (spirally coiled - climbing),

Question 4

Thorns

Answer 4

axillary buds are modified into woody pointed structures known as thorns

Question 5

Phylloclade

Answer 5

Plants in arid environments flatten their stem to reduce water loss

Question 6

Corm (Colocasia esculenta)

Answer 6

A short, underground, swollen stem of a plant that stores nutrients and can give rise to new shoots.

Question 7

Rhizome (Zingiber officinale)

Answer 7

A horizontal, underground stem that grows laterally and serves for storage, vegetative propagation, and new shoot production

Question 8

Stolon

Answer 8

A horizontal, above-ground stem that runs along the surface and produces new plants at nodes, often forming runners

Question 9

Tuber (Solanum Tuberosum)

Answer 9

A thickened underground stem that serves as a food reserve and bearing buds. Solanum Tuberosum doesn’t have bearing buds but potato eyes that can give rise to new potato plants

Question 10

Terminal bud

Answer 10

The primary bud located at the tip of a stem or branch, responsible for primary growth and elongation.

Question 11

Axillary Buds

Answer 11

growth point of the leaf axil, , capable of developing into new shoots, branches, or flowers

Question 12

What are the two lateral meristems responsible for secondary growth

Answer 12

cork cambium and vascular cambium

Question 13

Eustele vs Actinostele

Answer 13

Eustele is a stem arrangement with vascular bundles organized in a circular pattern around a central pith, common in dicots and gymnosperms, while actinostele lacks a central pith and has scattered vascular bundles, typical of monocots.

Question 14

Hardwood vs Softwood

Answer 14

Hardwood comes from angiosperm trees and is typically denser and heavier, while softwood comes from gymnosperm trees and is lighter and less dense

Question 15

Sapwood vs Heartwood

Answer 15

Sapwood is the younger, outer part of a tree’s wood that transports water and nutrients, while heartwood is the older, inner part that no longer conducts water and is often darker and denser, providing structural support.

Question 16

What is the periderm composed of?

Answer 16

Phellem (Cork), Phellogen (Cork Cambium), Phelloderm

Question 17

What are lenticles?

Answer 17

porous tissue made up of vast intercellular gaps between cells. They appear as small, elevated circular, oval, or elongated patches. They behave as specialized openings found in the bark of woody plants

Question 18

Tissues in the bark

Answer 18

Periderm, Secondary Phloem, and Vascular Cambium

Question 19

What is Eustele?

Answer 19

Eustele is a type of stele in which vascular tissues are organized in a well-organized, circular pattern and is common in dicotyledonous plants.

Question 20

Actinostele

Answer 20

Actinostele is a type of stele characterized by vascular tissues radiating outward from a central point, creating a star-like pattern.

Question 21

The lateral meristems responsible for secondary growth in stems are…

Answer 21

the cork cambium and vascular cambium

Question 22

Sapwood vs Heartwood

Answer 22

Sapwood is the outer, living wood, lighter in color and less dense, responsible for transporting water and nutrients, while heartwood is the inner, older wood, darker and denser, providing structural support and resistance to decay in woodworking.