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Research Methods/Statistics > Stats Exam #1 > Flashcards

Stats Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of statistics

A

A set of tools and techniques that are used for describing, organizing, and interpreting data

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2
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Used to organize and describe the characteristics of a given data set

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3
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Used to make inferences based on a smaller group of representative data

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4
Q

Data set

A

A collection of data

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5
Q

Population

A

All of the occurrences within a certain characteristic

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6
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population

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7
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Information obtained through observation

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8
Q

Three measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median, and mode

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9
Q

Mean

A

The average, used when there are no outliers or categories

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10
Q

Median

A

The middle value, used when there are outliers

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11
Q

Mode

A

The most common value, used with categories of data

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12
Q

Σ (Sigma)

A

Add together whatever follows it

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13
Q

x

A

Each individual score in the group

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14
Q

n (italicized)

A

The sample size

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15
Q

N

A

The population size

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16
Q

What do higher and lower scores do to the mean?

A

Skew it

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17
Q

Three measures of variability

A

Range, standard deviation, and variance

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18
Q

Range

A

The distance between the biggest and smallest scores

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19
Q

Standard deviation

A

The average amount of variability in a data set

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20
Q

Variance

A

The standard deviation squared

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21
Q

Bar graph

A

Compares frequency

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22
Q

Line graph

A

Trend of data over time

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23
Q

Pie graph

A

Percentage that a category takes up out of the whole

24
Q

Scatterplot

A

Shows the relationship between two variables

25
Q

Histogram

A

Shows the center and spread of the data, as well as outliers and skewness

26
Q

Correlation

A

The relationship between two variables

27
Q

Pearson product-moment correlation

A

Examines the relationship between two continuous variables

28
Q

Direct correlation

A

The variables change in the same direction

29
Q

Indirect correlation

A

The variables change in different directions

30
Q

Positive slope

A

The line on the scatterplot goes up from left to right

31
Q

Negative slope

A

The line on the scatterplot goes down from left to right

32
Q

.5 - 1.0

A

Strong

33
Q

.3-.4

A

Moderate

34
Q

0-.2

A

Weak

35
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

Square the correlation coefficient

36
Q

Coefficient of alienation

A

The percent that remains after the coefficient of determination

37
Q

Validity

A

Does it test what is claims to test?

38
Q

Reliability

A

Does it test the same coinsistently?

39
Q

Independent variable

A

The manipulated variable

40
Q

Dependent variable

A

The measured variable

41
Q

Common types of validity

A

Content, criterion, and construct

42
Q

Content validity

A

Does the content cover all of the aspects of the topic?

43
Q

Criterion validity

A

Do the scores relate to other criteria that measure the same thing?

44
Q

Construct validity

A

Does the test measure some underlying psychological construct?

45
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Consistent with the present

46
Q

Predictive validity

A

Consistent with the future

47
Q

Four types of validity

A

Test-retest, parallel-forms, inter-rater, and internal consistency

48
Q

Test-retest

A

Is the test reliable over time?

49
Q

Parallel forms

A

Are different forms of the test reliable or equivalent?

50
Q

Inter-rater

A

Is there consistency among different people who score the same?

51
Q

Internal consistency

A

Is there consistency in the scores among the items on the test?

52
Q

True score

A

The score you would get if you took the test an infinite number of times

53
Q

Observed score

A

What you got on the test once

54
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There is equality among the variables, considered to be true without knowing more

55
Q

Research hypothesis

A

The variables are inequal, there is statistical significance

Research Methods/Statistics (2 decks)

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