Stats and ethics

Question 1

phase 1 metabolism

Answer 1

a more polar compoiund is formed from drug through either oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction, demethylation; cytochrome P450

Question 2

phase 2 metabolsim

Answer 2

mediated by a number of different enzymes- most important are N-acetyltransferase (acetylation), sulfotransferase (sulfation), urine 5’ diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (glucuronidation)

Question 3

term SVD with epidural emergers with apnea, cyanosis, and increased tone. Requires intubation but is extuabted with normal tone 8 hours later. What’s important info in the mother’s history ?

Answer 3

ask mother is h/o anxiety or OCD. Infant has SSRI toxicity

Question 4

type 1 error

Answer 4

alpha error= false pos rate; reject the null when it is true; conclude there is a difference when there isn’t

Question 5

type 2 error

Answer 5

beta error; false negative rate: accept the null when it is false; conclude there is a NOT a differnece between the groups when there actuallty is a difference; under powerred studies have this error

Question 6

Power

Answer 6

probability if rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; probability of rejecting a difference if it is exists; Power = 1- beta error rate

Question 7

Name the drugs that induce the cytochrome P450 system

Answer 7

dexamethasonel, phenobarb, phenytoin, rifampin

Question 8

Name the inhibitors of the P450 system

Answer 8

chloramphnicol, cimetidine, erythromycin, fluconazole, indomethacin, methadone, omeprazole, ranitidine

Question 9

What are approaches in studies that can improve statistical power?

Answer 9

decreased the standard deviation of the outcome measures, increase the effect size, increase the sample size, increase the type 1 error rate; note as the power increases, the chance of a false negative (Type 2 error) decreases

Question 10

True or false: For a given test, when there is a increased prevalance of the diease, the PPV will increase and the NPV will decease. Sensitivituy and specifity are independent of prevalance

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

What is the following ethical principle: individuals should be treated an autonomous agents. Persons with dminished autonomy are entitled to protection

Answer 11

respect for persons

Question 12

What is the following ethical principle? Do no harm, maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm; consider the risks and benefits to society or particular populations as to the individual subject

Answer 12

beneficence

Question 13

What is the following ethical principle? Distribute the burdens and benefits or research equitably such that potential subjects are not targeted disporportionately to bear the brunt of the risk or excluded when are benefit from participation

Answer 13

Justice

Question 14

exposure occurs before the occurrence of the disease

Answer 14

temporal relationship

Question 15

measured by relative risk or odds ratio

Answer 15

strength of association

Question 16

a specific exposure is associaeted with only 1 disease

Answer 16

specifity of association

Question 17

increaseing dose of exposure leads to increaseing risk of disease

Answer 17

dose-response relationship

Question 18

the relationship is in agreement with with body of biological knowledge

Answer 18

biological plausbility

Question 19

replication in different populatkpns with different studies

Answer 19

replciation of findings

Question 20

the risk of diseaae decreases with decreasing or removing the exposure

Answer 20

cessation of exposure

Question 21

association is found in different subgroups such as both men and women

Answer 21

consistency with other knowledge

Question 22

if alternate explanations are exlcuded, likelihood of causation increases

Answer 22

consideration of alternate explanations