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Psychological Assessment > STATISTICS > Flashcards

STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules

A

Measurement

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2
Q

methods used to provide concise description of a collection of quantitative information

A

Descriptive Statistics

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3
Q

method used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as sample to a larger group of individuals known as population

A

Inferential Statistics

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4
Q

the property of “moreness”

A

Magnitude

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5
Q

the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units

A

Equal Intervals

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6
Q

when nothing of the property being measured exists

A

Absolute 0

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7
Q

a set of numbers who properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned

A

Scale

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8
Q

takes on any value within the range and the possible value within that range is infinite
- used to measure a variable which can theoretically be divided

A

Continuous Scale

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9
Q

can be counted; has distinct, countable values
- used to measure a variable which cannot be theoretically be divided

A

Discrete Scale

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10
Q

refers to the collective influence of all the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement

Degree to which the test score/measurement may be wrong, considering other factors like state of the testtaker, venue, test itself etc.

Measurement with continuous scale always involve with error

A

Error

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11
Q

involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics
- Label and categorize observations but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations
- mode

A

Nominal

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12
Q

rank ordering on some characteristics is also permissible
- median

A

Ordinal

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13
Q
  • contains equal intervals, has no absolute zero point (even negative values have interpretation to it)
  • Zero value does not mean it represents non
A

Interval

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14
Q
  • has true zero point (if the score is zero, it means none/null)
  • Easiest to manipulate
A

Ratio

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15
Q

– defined as a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study

A

Distribution

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16
Q

– straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical

A

Raw Scores

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17
Q

– all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred

A

Frequency Distribution

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18
Q

– being manipulated in the study

A

Independent Variable

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19
Q

nonmanipulated variable to designate groups

Factor: for ANOVA

A

Quasi-Independent Variable

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20
Q

– used in ANOVA to determine which mean differences are significantly different

A

Post-Hoc Tests

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21
Q

allows the compute a single value that determines the minimum difference between treatment means that is necessary for significance

A

Tukey’s HSD test

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22
Q

statistics that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution

Goal: Identify the most typical or representative of entire group

A

Measures of Central Tendency

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23
Q

– the average of all the raw scores
- Equal to the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations
- Interval and ratio data (when normal distribution)
- Point of least squares
- Balance point for the distribution

A

Mean

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24
Q

– the middle score of the distribution
- Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
- Useful in cases where relatively few scores fall at the high end of the distribution or relatively few scores fall at the low end of the distribution
- In other words, for extreme scores, use median (skewed)
- Identical for sample and population
- Also used when there has an unknown or undetermined score
- Used in “open-ended” categories (e.g., 5 or more, more than 8, at least 10)
- For ordinal data

A

Median

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25
Q

– most frequently occurring score in the distribution

A

Mode

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26
Q

if there are two scores that occur with highest frequency
Not commonly used
- Useful in analyses of qualitative or verbal nature
- For nominal scales, discrete variables
- Value of the mode gives an indication of the shape of the distribution as well as a measure of central tendency

A

Bimodal Distribution

27
Q

– an indication how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

A

Variability

28
Q

statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution

A

Measures of Variability

29
Q

– equal to the difference between highest and the lowest score

Provides a quick but gross description of the spread of scores

When its value is based on extreme scores of the distribution, the resulting description of variation may be understated or overstated

A

Range

30
Q

dividing points between the four quarters in the distribution

A

Quartile

31
Q

refers to an interval

A

Quarter:

32
Q

measure of variability equal to the difference between Q3 and Q1

A

Interquartile Range:

33
Q

equal to the interquartile range divided by 2

A

Semi-interquartile Range:

34
Q

equal to the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean

Equal to the square root of the variance

A

Standard Deviation –

35
Q

equal to the arithmetic mean of the squares of the differences between the scores in a distribution and their mean

Distance from the mean

A

Variance:

36
Q

– also known as Gaussian Curve

Bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center

A

Normal Curve

37
Q

_______ = approaches but never touches the axis

A

Asymptotically

38
Q

2 – 3 standard deviations above and below the mean

A

Tail

39
Q

right side of the graph is mirror image of the left side

Has only one mode and it is in the center of the distribution

Mean = median = mode

A

Symmetrical Distribution

40
Q

nature and extent to which symmetry is absent

A

Skewness

41
Q

few scores fall the high end of the distribution

The exam is difficult

More items that was easier would have been desirable in order to better discriminate at the lower end of the distribution of test scores

A

Positive Skewed

42
Q

when relatively few of the scores fall at the low end of the distribution

The exam is easy

More items of a higher level of difficulty would make it possible to better discriminate between scores at the upper end of the distribution

A

Negative Skewed

43
Q

____ is associated with abnormal, perhaps because the skewed distribution deviates from the symmetrical or so-called normal distribution

A

Skewed

44
Q

– steepness if a distribution in its center

A

Kurtosis

45
Q

relatively flat

A

Platykurtic

46
Q

relatively peaked

A

Leptokurtic

47
Q

somewhere in the middle

A

Mesokurtic

48
Q

high peak and fatter tails

A

High Kurtosis

49
Q

rounded peak and thinner tails

A

Lower Kurtosis

50
Q

raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale

A

Standard Score

51
Q

– results from the conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many SD units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution

A

Z-Scores

52
Q

– a scale with a mean set at 50 and a standard deviation set at 10

A

T-Scores

53
Q

a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)

A

Stanine

54
Q

one that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score

A

Linear Transformation

55
Q

– required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed

A

Nonlinear Transformation

56
Q

Normalizing the distribution involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores, a scale that is technically referred to as _______________

A

Normalized Standard Score Scale

57
Q

standard to ten; divides a scale into 10 units

A

STEN

58
Q

– statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population

A

Hypothesis Testing

59
Q

– states there is a change, difference, or relationships

A

Alternative Hypothesis

60
Q

– no change, no difference, or no relationship

A

Null Hypothesis

61
Q

used to define concept of “very unlikely” in a hypothesis test

A

Alpha Level or Level of Significance

62
Q

– composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

A

Critical Region

63
Q

If sample data fall in the critical region, the null hypothesis is _______

A

rejected

64
Q
A

Psychological Assessment (7 decks)

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