Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

First stage of experimentation?

A

Form hypothesis.

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2
Q

Second stage of experimentation?

A

Test hypothesis.

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3
Q

Third stage of experimentation?

A

Analyze results.

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4
Q

Fourth stage of experimentation?

A

Draw conclusions.

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5
Q

When are statistics used during experimentation?

A

Analyzing results.

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6
Q

We organize and analyze data to…

A

draw conclusions from it.

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7
Q

null hypothesis

A

assumption that there will be no difference between groups

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8
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

assumption that there will be a difference between groups

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9
Q

If there is a significance difference between the groups, we…

A

reject the null hypothesis and accept and alternate hypothesis.

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10
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical measurements or quantities

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11
Q

qualitative data

A

categorical measurements

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12
Q

population

A

large group that would be difficult to experiment on

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13
Q

sample

A

small subset of a population that can be experimented on

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14
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describes our data by looking at certain trends/patterns throughout a sample

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15
Q

inferential statistics

A

makes generalization to a larger population with the data from a sample

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16
Q

Descriptive statistics are measures of…

A

central tendency and variablility.

17
Q

measures of central tendency

A

single statistic that best describes the center of a distribution of data

18
Q

Examples of measures of central tendency are…

A

mean, median, and mode.

19
Q

measures of variability

A

statistics that tell us how different the data are from each other

20
Q

Examples of measures of variability are…

A

range and standard deviation.

21
Q

mean

A

most representative number from a dataset

22
Q

standard deviation

A

amount of variance around the mean; how different the numbers are

23
Q

Normal distribution is represented by…

A

a bell curve.

24
Q

Descriptive statistics describe…

A

our data using measures like mean and standard deviation.

25
Inferential statistics examine...
the means and variability of each group in order to tell us if they are different from each other.
26
Sampling error arises because...
no sample can perfectly mimic the population.
27
standard error of the mean (SEM)
indicates how well the standard deviation of a sample represents the standard deviation of the population
28
law of large numbers
larger the sample size, the more probably that the sample mean will be close to the population mean
29
central limit theorm
large samples will approximate the normal distribution
30
standard error bars
illustrate the standard error of the mean (SEM) on a graph
31
Standard error bars show...
the variation from the mean.
32
If standard error bar does not overlap with bar, then...
they significantly different from each other.
33
confidence interval
range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it
34
If an experiment has a 95% confidence interval, then...
if we replicated the same experiment with the same amount of participants 100 times, we would expect 95/100 times the group mean would fall within confidence interval.
35
t-tests
used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between two sets of data
36
We calculate the t-statistic value by...
comparing the mean of two data sets and dependency on degree of freedom.
37
T-statistic leads to...
p-vale which decides whether or not the difference is statistically significant.