Statistics

Question 1

Confounding

Answer 1

Confounding means the distortion of the association between the independent and dependent variables because a third variable is independently associated with both.

Question 2

Frailty model

Answer 2

A frailty model is a random effects model for time variables,

Question 3

P value

Answer 3

p-value is a statistical measurement used to validate a hypothesis against observed data. A p-value measures the probability of obtaining the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance of the observed difference