Statistical thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Cause-and-effect

A

Related to whether we say one variable is causing changes in the other variable, versus other variables that may be related to these two variables.

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2
Q

Confidence interval

A

An interval of plausible values for a population parameter; the interval of values within the margin of error of a statistic

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3
Q

Distribution

A

The pattern of variation in data.

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4
Q

Generalizability

A

Related to whether the results from the sample can be generalized to a larger population.

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5
Q

Margin of error

A

The expected amount of random variation in a statistic; often defined for 95% confidence level.

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6
Q

Parameter

A

A numerical result summarizing a population (e.g., mean, proportion).

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7
Q

Population

A

A larger collection of individuals that we would like to generalize our results to.

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8
Q

P-value

A

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process.

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9
Q

Random assignment

A

Using a probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups.

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10
Q

Random sampling

A

Using a probability-based method to select a subset of individuals for the sample from the population.

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11
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a measure.

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12
Q

Sample

A

The collection of individuals on which we collect data.

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13
Q

Statistic

A

A numerical result computed from a sample (e.g., mean, proportion).

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14
Q

Statistical significance

A

A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone.

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15
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure.

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